The word hydrolysis is applied to chemical reactions in which a substance reacts with water. In organic chemistry, the products of the reaction are usually molecular, being formed by combination with H and OH groups (e.g., hydrolysis of an ester to an alcohol and a carboxylic acid). In inorganic chemistry, the word most often applies to cations forming soluble hydroxide or oxide complexes with, in some cases, the formation of hydroxide and oxide precipitates.
Metal hydrolysis and associated equilibrium constant values
editThe hydrolysis reaction for a hydrated metal ion in aqueous solution can be written as:
- p Mz+ + q H2O ⇌ Mp(OH)q(pz–q) + q H+
and the corresponding formation constant as:
and associated equilibria can be written as:
- MOx(OH)z–2x(s) + z H+ ⇌ Mz+ + (z–x) H2O
- MOx(OH)z–2x(s) + x H2O ⇌ Mz+ + z OH−
- p MOx(OH)z–2x(s) + (pz–q) H+ ⇌ Mp(OH)q(pz–q) + (pz–px–q) H2O
Aluminium
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[1] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[2] | Hummel and Thoenen, 2023[3] |
---|---|---|---|
Al3+ + H2O ⇌ AlOH2+ + H+ | –4.97 | −4.98 ± 0.02 | −4.98 ± 0.02 |
Al3+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Al(OH)2+ + 2 H+ | –9.3 | −10.63 ± 0.09 | −10.63 ± 0.09 |
Al3+ + 3 H2O ⇌ Al(OH)3 + 3 H+ | –15.0 | −15.66 ± 0.23 | −15.99 ± 0.23 |
Al3+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Al(OH)4– + 4 H+ | –23.0 | −22.91 ± 0.10 | −22.91 ± 0.10 |
2 Al3+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Al2(OH)24+ + 2 H+ | –7.7 | −7.62 ± 0.11 | −7.62 ± 0.11 |
3 Al3+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Al3(OH)45+ + 4 H+ | –13.94 | −14.06 ± 0.22 | −13.90 ± 0.12 |
13 Al3+ + 28 H2O ⇌ Al13O4(OH)247+ + 32 H+ | –98.73 | −100.03 ± 0.09 | −100.03 ± 0.09 |
α-Al(OH)3(s) + 3 H+ ⇌ Al3+ + 3 H2O | 8.5 | 7.75 ± 0.08 | 7.75 ± 0.08 |
γ-AlOOH(s) + 3 H+ ⇌ Al3+ + 2 H2O | 7.69 ± 0.15 | 9.4 ± 0.4 |
Americium(III)
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | NIST46[4] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[5] | Grenthe et al, 2020[6] |
---|---|---|---|
Am3+ + H2O ⇌ Am(OH)2+ + H+ | –6.5 ± 0.1 | –7.22 ± 0.03 | –7.2 ± 0.5 |
Am3+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Am(OH)2+ + 2 H+ | –14.1 ± 0.3 | –14.9 ± 0.2 | –15.1 ± 0.7 |
Am3+ + 3 H2O ⇌ Am(OH)3 + 3 H+ | –25.7 | –26.0 ± 0.2 | –26.2 ± 0.5 |
Am3+ + 3 H2O ⇌ Am(OH)3(am) + 3 H+ | –16.9 ± 0.1 | –16.9 ± 0.8 | –16.9 ± 0.8 |
Am3+ + 3 H2O ⇌ Am(OH)3(cr) + 3 H+ | –15.2 | –15.62 ± 0.04 | –15.6 ± 0.6 |
Americium(V)
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[7] | Grenthe et al, 2020[6] |
---|---|---|
AmO2+ + H2O ⇌ AmO2(OH) + H+ | –10.7 ± 0.2 | |
AmO2+ + 2 H2O ⇌ AmO2(OH)2– + 2 H+ | –22.9 ± 0.7 | |
AmO2+ + H2O ⇌ AmO2(OH)(am) + H+ | –5.4 ± 0.4 | –5.3 ± 0.5 |
Antimony(III)
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[8] | Lothenbach et al., 1999;[9]
Kitamura et al., 2010[10] |
Filella and May, 2003[11] |
---|---|---|---|
Sb(OH)3 + H+ ⇌ Sb(OH)2+ + H2O | 1.41 | 1.30 | 1.371 |
Sb(OH)3 + H2O ⇌ Sb(OH)4‒ + H+ | ‒11.82 | ‒11.93 | ‒11.70 |
0.5 Sb2O3(s) + 1.5 H2O ⇌ Sb(OH)3 | ‒4.24 | ||
Sb2O3(rhombic,s) + 3 H2O ⇌ 2 Sb(OH)3 | ‒8.72 | ‒10.00 | |
Sb2O3(cubic,s) + 3 H2O ⇌ 2 Sb(OH)3 | ‒11.40 |
Antimony(V)
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[8] | Lothenbach et al., 1999;[9] Kitamura et al., 2010[10] |
---|---|---|
Sb(OH)5 + H2O ⇌ Sb(OH)6‒ + H+ | ‒2.72 | ‒2.72 |
12 Sb(OH)5 + 4 H2O ⇌ Sb12(OH)644‒ + 4 H+ | 20.34 | 20.34 |
12 Sb(OH)5 + 5 H2O ⇌ Sb12(OH)655‒ + 5 H+ | 16.72 | 16.72 |
12 Sb(OH)5 + 6 H2O ⇌ Sb12(OH)666‒ + 6 H+ | 11.89 | 11.89 |
12 Sb(OH)5 + 7 H2O ⇌ Sb12(OH)677‒ + 7 H+ | 6.07 | 6.07 |
0.5 Sb2O5(s) + 2.5 H2O ⇌ Sb(OH)5 | ‒3.7 | |
Sb2O5(am) + 5 H2O ⇌ 2 Sb(OH)5 | ‒7.400 |
Arsenic(III)
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[12] | Nordstrom and Archer, 2003[13] | Nordstrom et al., 2014[14] |
---|---|---|---|
As(OH)4‒ + H+ ⇌ As(OH)3 + H2O | 9.29 | 9.17 | 9.24 ± 0.02 |
Arsenic(V)
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer[12] | Khodakovsky et al. (1968)[15] | Nordstrom and Archer, 2003[13] | Nordstrom et al., 2014[14] |
---|---|---|---|---|
H2AsO4‒ + H+ ⇌ H3AsO4 | 2.24 | 2.21 | 2.26 ± 0.078 | 2.25 ± 0.04 |
HAsO42‒ + H+ ⇌ H2AsO4‒ | 6.93 | 6.99 ± 0.1 | 6.98 ± 0.11 | |
AsO43‒ + H+ ⇌ HAsO42‒ | 11.51 | 11.80 ± 0.1 | 11.58 ± 0.05 | |
HAsO42‒ + 2 H+ ⇌H3AsO4 | 9.20 | |||
AsO43‒ + 3 H+ ⇌ H3AsO4 | 20.70 |
Barium
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[16] | Nordstrom et al., 1990[17] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[18] |
---|---|---|---|
Ba2+ + H2O ⇌ BaOH+ + H+ | –13.47 | –13.47 | –13.32 ± 0.07 |
Berkelium(III)
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[19] |
---|---|
Bk3+ + 3 H2O ⇌ Bk(OH)3(s) + 3 H+ | –13.5 ± 1.0 |
Beryllium
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[20] |
---|---|
Be2+ + H2O ⇌ BeOH+ + H+ | –5.10 |
Be2+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Be(OH)2 + 2 H+ | –23.65 |
Be2+ + 3 H2O ⇌ Be(OH)3– + 3 H+ | –23.25 |
Be2+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Be(OH)42– + 4 H+ | –37.42 |
2 Be2+ + H2O ⇌ Be2OH3+ + H+ | –3.97 |
3 Be2+ + 3 H2O ⇌ Be3(OH)33+ + 3 H+ | –8.92 |
6 Be2+ + 8 H2O ⇌ Be6(OH)84+ + 8 H+ | –27.2 |
α-Be(OH)2(cr) + 2 H+ ⇌ Be2+ + 2 H2O | 6.69 |
Bismuth
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[21] | Lothenbach et
al., 1999[9] |
NIST46[4] | Kitamura et
al., 2010[10] |
Brown and
Ekberg, 2016[22] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bi3+ + H2O ⇌ BiOH2+ + H+ | –1.0 | –0.92 | –1.1 | –0.920 | –0.92 ± 0.15 |
Bi3+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Bi(OH)2+ + 2 H+ | (–4) | –2.56 | –4.5 | –2.560 ± 1.000 | –2.59 ± 0.26 |
Bi3+ + 3 H2O ⇌ Bi(OH)3 + 3 H+ | –8.86 | –5.31 | –9.0 | –8.940 ± 0.500 | –8.78 ± 0.20 |
Bi3+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Bi(OH)4– + 4 H+ | –21.8 | –18.71 | –21.2 | –21.660 ± 0.870 | –22.06 ± 0.14 |
3 Bi3+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Bi3(OH)45+ + 4 H+ | –0.80 | –0.800 | |||
6 Bi3+ + 12 H2O ⇌ Bi6(OH)126+ + 12 H+ | 1.34 | 1.340 | 0.98 ± 0.13 | ||
9 Bi3+ + 20 H2O = Bi9(OH)207+ + 20 H+ | –1.36 | –1.360 | |||
9 Bi3+ + 21 H2O = Bi9(OH)216+ + 21 H+ | –3.25 | –3.250 | |||
9 Bi3+ + 22 H2O = Bi9(OH)225+ + 22 H+ | –4.86 | –4.860 | |||
Bi(OH)3(am) + 3 H+ = Bi3+ + 3 H2O | 31.501 ± 0.927 | ||||
α-Bi2O3(cr) + 6 H+ = 2 Bi3+ + 3 H2O | 0.76 | ||||
BiO1.5(s, α) + 3 H+ = Bi3+ + 1.5 H2O | 3.46 | 31.501 ± 0.927 | 2.88 ± 0.64 |
Boron
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[23] | NIST46[4] |
---|---|---|
B(OH)3 + H2O ⇌ Be(OH)4+ + H+ | –9.236 | –9.236 ± 0.002 |
2 B(OH)3 ⇌ B2(OH)5– + H+ | –9.36 | –9.306 |
3 B(OH)3 ⇌ B3O3(OH)4– + H+ + 2 H2O | –7.03 | –7.306 |
4 B(OH)3 ⇌ B4O5(OH)42– + 2 H+ + 3 H2O | –16.3 | –15.032 |
Cadmium
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[24] | Powell et al., 2011[25] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[26] |
---|---|---|---|
Cd2+ + H2O ⇌ CdOH+ + H+ | −10.08 | –9.80 ± 0.10 | −9.81 ± 0.10 |
Cd2+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Cd(OH)2 + 2 H+ | –20.35 | –20.19 ± 0.13 | −20.6 ± 0.4 |
Cd2+ + 3 H2O ⇌ Cd(OH)3– + 3 H+ | <–33.3 | –33.5 ± 0.5 | −33.5 ± 0.5 |
Cd2+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Cd(OH)42– + 4 H+ | –47.35 | –47.28 ± 0.15 | −47.25 ± 0.15 |
2 Cd2+ + H2O ⇌ Cd2OH3+ + H+ | –9.390 | –8.73 ± 0.01 | −8.74 ± 0.10 |
4 Cd2+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Cd4(OH)44+ + H+ | –32.85 | ||
Cd(OH)2(s) ⇌ Cd2+ + 2 OH– | –14.28 ± 0.12 | ||
Cd(OH)2(s) + 2 H+ ⇌ Cd2+ + 2 H2O | 13.65 | 13.72 ± 0.12 | 13.71 ± 0.12 |
Calcium
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[16] | Nordstrom et al., 1990[17] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[27] |
---|---|---|---|
Ca2+ + H2O ⇌ CaOH+ + H+ | –12.85 | –12.78 | –12.57 ± 0.03 |
Ca(OH)2(cr) + 2 H+ ⇌ Ca2+ + 2 H2O | 22.80 | 22.8 | 22.75 ± 0.02 |
Californium(III)
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[19] |
---|---|
Cf3+ + 3 H2O ⇌ Bk(OH)3(s) + 3 H+ | –13.0 ± 1.0 |
Cerium(III)
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[28] | NIST46[4] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[29] |
---|---|---|---|
Ce3+ + H2O ⇌ CeOH2+ + H+ | –8.3 | –8.3 | –8.31 ± 0.03 |
2 Ce3+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Ce2(OH)24+ + 2 H+ | –16.0 ± 0.2 | ||
3 Ce3+ + 5 H2O ⇌ Ce3(OH)54+ + 5 H+ | –34.6 ± 0.3 | ||
Ce(OH)3(s) + 3 H+ ⇌ Ce3+ + 3 H2O | 18.5 ± 0.5 | ||
Ce(OH)3(s) ⇌ Ce3+ + 3 OH– | –22.1 ± 0.9 |
Chromium(II)
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K (The divalent state is unstable in water, producing hydrogen whilst being oxidised to a higher valency state (Baes and Mesmer, 1976). The reliability of the data is in doubt.):
Reaction | NIST46[4] | Ball and Nordstrom, 1988[30] |
---|---|---|
Cr2+ + H2O ⇌ CrOH+ + H+ | –5.5 | |
Cr(OH)2(s) ⇌ Cr2+ + 2 OH– | –17 ± 0.02 |
Chromium(III)
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[31] | Rai et al., 1987[32] | Ball and Nordstrom, 1988[30] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[33] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cr3+ + H2O ⇌ CrOH2+ + H+ | –4.0 | –3.57 ± 0.08 | –3.60 ± 0.07 | |
Cr3+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Cr(OH)2+ + 2 H+ | –9.7 | –9.84 | –9.65 ± 0.20 | |
Cr3+ + 3 H2O ⇌ Cr(OH)3 + 3 H+ | –18 | –16.19 | –16.25 ± 0.19 | |
Cr3+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Cr(OH)4- + 4 H+ | –27.4 | –27.65 ± 0.12 | –27.56 ± 0.21 | |
2 Cr3+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Cr2(OH)24+ + 2 H+ | –5.06 | –5.0 | –5.29 ± 0.16 | |
3 Cr3+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Cr3(OH)45+ + 4 H+ | –8.15 | –10.75 ± 0.15 | –9.10 ± 0.14 | |
Cr(OH)3(s) + 3 H+ ⇌ Cr3+ + 3 H2O | 12 | 9.35 | 9.41 ± 0.17 | |
Cr2O3(s) + 6 H+ ⇌ 2 Cr3+ + 3 H2O | 8.52 | |||
CrO1.5(s) + 3 H+ ⇌ Cr3+ + 1.5 H2O | 7.83 ± 0.10 |
Chromium(VI)
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[34] | Ball and Nordstrom, 1998[30] |
---|---|---|
CrO42– + H+ ⇌ HCrO4– | 6.51 | 6.55 ± 0.04 |
HCrO4– + H+ ⇌ H2CrO4 | –0.20 | |
CrO42– + 2 H+ ⇌ H2CrO4 | 6.31 | |
2 HCrO4– ⇌ Cr2O72– + H2O | 1.523 | |
2 CrO42– + 2 H+ ⇌ Cr2O72– + H2O | 14.7 ± 0.1 |
Cobalt(II)
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[35] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[36] |
---|---|---|
Co2+ + H2O ⇌ CoOH+ + H+ | –9.65 | −9.61 ± 0.17 |
Co2+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Co(OH)2 + 2 H+ | –18.8 | −19.77 ± 0.11 |
Co2+ + 3 H2O ⇌ Co(OH)3– + 3 H+ | –31.5 | −32.01 ± 0.33 |
Co2+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Co(OH)42– + 4 H+ | –46.3 | |
2 Co2+ + H2O ⇌ Co2(OH)3+ + H+ | –11.2 | |
4 Co2+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Co4(OH)44+ + 4H+ | –30.53 | |
Co(OH)2(s) + 2 H+ ⇌ Co2+ + 2 H2O | 12.3 | 13.24 ± 0.12 |
CoO(s) + 2 H+ ⇌ Co2+ + H2O | 13.71 ± 0.10 |
Cobalt(III)
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[37] |
---|---|
Co3+ + H2O ⇌ CoOH2+ + H+ | −1.07 ± 0.11 |
Copper(I)
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[38] |
---|---|
Cu+ + H2O ⇌ CuOH + H+ | –7.8 ± 0.4 |
Cu+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Cu(OH)2– + 2 H+ | –18.6 ± 0.6 |
Copper(II)
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[39] | NIST46[4] | Plyasunova et al., 1997[40] | Powell et al., 2007[41] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[38] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cu2+ + H2O ⇌ CuOH+ + H+ | < –8 | –7.7 | –7.97 ± 0.09 | –7.95 ± 0.16 | –7.64 ± 0.17 |
Cu2+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Cu(OH)2 + 2 H+ | (< –17.3) | –17.3 | –16.23 ± 0.15 | –16.2 ± 0.2 | –16.24 ± 0.03 |
Cu2+ + 3 H2O ⇌ Cu(OH)3– + 3 H+ | (< –27.8) | –27.8 | –26.63 ± 0.40 | –26.60 ± 0.09 | –26.65 ± 0.13 |
Cu2+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Cu(OH)42– + 4 H+ | –39.6 | –39.6 | –39.73 ± 0.17 | –39.74 ± 0.18 | –39.70 ± 0.19 |
2 Cu2+ + H2O ⇌ Cu2(OH)3+ + H+ | –6.71 ± 0.30 | –6.40 ± 0.12 | –6.41 ± 0.17 | ||
2 Cu2+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Cu2(OH)22+ + 2 H+ | –10.36 | –10.3 | –10.55 ± 0.17 | –10.43 ± 0.07 | –10.55 ± 0.02 |
3 Cu2+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Cu3(OH)42+ + 4 H+ | –20.95 ± 0.30 | –21.1 ± 0.2 | –21.2 ± 0.4 | ||
CuO(s) + 2 H+ ⇌ Cu2+ + H2O | 7.62 | 7.64 ± 0.06 | 7.64 ± 0.06 | 7.63 ± 0.05 | |
Cu(OH)2(s) + 2 H+ ⇌ Cu2+ + 2 H2O | 8.67 ± 0.05 | 8.68 ± 0.10 |
Curium
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[42] |
---|---|
Cm3+ + H2O ⇌ Cm(OH)2+ + H+ | −7.66 ± 0.07 |
Cm3+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Cm(OH)2+ + 2 H+ | −15.9 ± 0.1 |
Cm3+ + 3 H2O ⇌ Cm(OH)3(s) + 3 H+ | −13.9 ± 0.4 |
Dysprosium
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[28] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[43] |
---|---|---|
Dy3+ + H2O ⇌ DyOH2+ + H+ | −8.0 | −7.53 ± 0.14 |
Dy3+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Dy(OH)2+ + 2 H+ | (–16.2) | |
Dy3+ + 3 H2O ⇌ Dy(OH)3 + 3 H+ | (–24.7) | |
Dy3+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Dy(OH)4− + 4 H+ | –33.5 | |
2 Dy3+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Dy2(OH)24+ + 2 H+ | −13.76 ± 0.20 | |
3 Dy3+ + 5 H2O ⇌ Dy3(OH)54+ + 5 H+ | −30.6 ± 0.3 | |
Dy(OH)3(s) + 3 H+ ⇌ Dy3+ + 3 H2O | 15.9 | 16.26 ± 0.30 |
Dy(OH)3(c) + OH− ⇌ Dy(OH)4− | −3.6 | |
Dy(OH)3(c) ⇌ Dy(OH)3 | −8.8 |
Erbium
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[28] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[44] |
---|---|---|
Er3+ + H2O ⇌ ErOH2+ + H+ | −7.9 | −7.46 ± 0.09 |
Er3+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Er(OH)2+ + 2 H+ | (−15.9) | |
Er3+ + 3 H2O ⇌ Er(OH)3 + 3 H+ | (−24.2) | |
Er3+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Er(OH)4− + 4 H+ | −32.6 | |
2 Er3+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Er2(OH)24+ + 2 H+ | −13.65 | −13.50 ± 0.20 |
3 Er3+ + 5 H2O ⇌ Er3(OH)54+ + 5 H+ | <−29.3 | −31.0 ± 0.3 |
Er(OH)3(s) + 3 H+ ⇌ Er3+ + 3 H2O | 15.0 | 15.79 ± 0.30 |
Er(OH)3(c) + OH− ⇌ Er(OH)4− | −3.6 | |
Er(OH)3(c) ⇌ Er(OH)3 | ~ −9.2 |
Europium
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[28] | NIST46[4] | Hummel et al., 2002[45] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[29] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Eu3+ + H2O ⇌ EuOH2+ + H+ | –7.8 | –7.64 ± 0.04 | –7.66 ± 0.05 | |
Eu3+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Eu(OH)2+ + 2 H+ | –15.1 ± 0.2 | |||
Eu3+ + 3 H2O ⇌ Eu(OH)3 + 3 H+ | –23.7 ± 0.1 | |||
Eu3+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Eu(OH)4− + 4 H+ | –36.2 ± 0.5 | |||
2 Eu3+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Eu2(OH)24+ + 2 H+ | - | –14.1 ± 0.2 | ||
3 Eu3+ + 5 H2O ⇌ Eu3(OH)54+ + 5 H+ | - | –32.0 ± 0.3 | ||
Eu(OH)3(s) + 3 H+ ⇌ Eu3+ + 3 H2O | 17.5 | 17.6 ± 0.8 (am)
14.9 ± 0.3 (cr) |
16.48 ± 0.30 | |
Eu(OH)3(s) ⇌ Eu3+ + 3 OH– | –24.5 ± 0.7 (am)
–26.5 (cr) |
Gadolinium
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[46] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[47] |
---|---|---|
Gd3+ + H2O ⇌ GdOH2+ + H+ | –8.0 | –7.87 ± 0.05 |
Gd3+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Gd(OH)2+ + 2 H+ | (–16.4) | |
Gd3+ + 3 H2O ⇌ Gd(OH)3 + 3 H+ | (–25.2) | |
Gd3+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Gd(OH)4– + 4 H+ | –34.4 | |
2 Gd3+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Gd2(OH)24+ + 2 H+ | –14.16 ± 0.20 | |
3 Gd3+ + 5 H2O ⇌ Gd3(OH)54+ + 5 H+ | –33.0 ± 0.3 | |
Gd(OH)3(s) + 3 H+ ⇌ Gd3+ + 3 H2O | 15.6 | 17.20 ± 0.48 |
Gd(OH)3(c) + OH– ⇌ Gd(OH)4– | –4.8 | |
Gd(OH)3(c) ⇌ Gd(OH)3 | –9.6 |
Gallium
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[48] | Smith et al., 2003[49] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[50] |
---|---|---|---|
Ga3+ + H2O ⇌ GaOH2+ + H+ | –2.6 | –2.897 | –2.74 |
Ga3+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Ga(OH)2+ + 2 H+ | –5.9 | –6.694 | –7.0 |
Ga3+ + 3 H2O ⇌ Ga(OH)3 + 3 H+ | –10.3 | –11.96 | |
Ga3+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Ga(OH)4– + 4 H+ | –16.6 | –16.588 | –15.52 |
Ga(OH)3(s) ⇌ Ga3+ + 3 OH– | –37 | –37.0 | |
GaO(OH)(s) + H2O ⇌ Ga3+ + 3 OH– | –39.06 | –39.1 | –40.51 |
Germanium
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[51] | Wood and Samson, 2006[52] | Filella and May, 2023[53] |
---|---|---|---|
Ge(OH)4 ⇌ GeO(OH)3- + H+ | –9.31 | –9.32 ± 0.05 | –9.099 |
Ge(OH)4 ⇌ GeO2(OH)22+ + 2 H+ | –21.9 | ||
GeO2(OH)22– + H+ ⇌ GeO(OH)3– | 12.76 | ||
8 Ge(OH)4 ⇌ Ge8O16(OH)33- + 13 H2O + 3 H+ | –14.24 | ||
8 Ge(OH)4 + 3 OH– ⇌ Ge8(OH)353– | 28.33 | ||
GeO2(s, hexa) + 2 H2O ⇌ Ge(OH)4 | –1.35 | –1.373 | |
GeO2(s, tetra) + 2 H2O ⇌ Ge(OH)4 | -4.37 | –5.02 | –4.999 |
Gold(III)
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[54] |
---|---|
Au(OH)3 +2 H+ ⇌ AuOH2+ + 2 H2O | 1.51 |
Au(OH)3 + H+ ⇌ Au(OH)2+ + H2O | < 1.0 |
Au(OH)3 + H2O ⇌ Au(OH)4– + H+ | –11.77 |
Au(OH)3 + 2 H2O ⇌ Au(OH)52– + 2 H+ | –25.13 |
Au(OH)52– + 3 H2O ⇌ Au(OH)63– + 3 H+ | < –41.1 |
Au(OH)3(c) ⇌ Au(OH)3 | –5.51 |
Hafnium
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[55] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[56] |
---|---|---|
Hf4+ + H2O ⇌ HfOH3+ + H+ | –0.25 | −0.26 ± 0.10 |
Hf4+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Hf(OH)22+ + 2 H+ | (–2.4) | |
Hf4+ + 3 H2O ⇌ Hf(OH)3+ + 3 H+ | (–6.0) | |
Hf4+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Hf(OH)4 + 4 H+ | –10.7* | −3.75 ± 0.34* |
Hf4+ + 5 H2O ⇌ Hf(OH)5– + 5 H+ | –17.2 | |
3 Hf4+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Hf3(OH)48+ + 4 H+ | 0.55 ± 0.30 | |
4 Hf4+ + 8 H2O ⇌ Hf4(OH)88+ + 8 H+ | 6.00 ± 0.30 | |
HfO2(s) + 4 H+ ⇌ Hf4+ + 2 H2O | –1.2* | –5.56 ± 0.15* |
HfO2(am) + 4 H+ ⇌ Hf4+ + 2 H2O | –3.11 ± 0.20 |
*Errors in compilations concerning equilibrium and/or data elaboration. Data not recommended. Strongly suggested to refer to the original papers.
Holmium
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[28] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[57] |
---|---|---|
Ho3+ + H2O ⇌ HoOH2+ + H+ | −8.0 | −7.43 ± 0.05 |
2 Ho3+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Ho2(OH)24+ + 2 H+ | −13.5 ± 0.2 | |
3 Ho3+ + 5 H2O ⇌ Ho3(OH)54+ + 5 H+ | −30.9 ± 0.3 | |
Ho(OH)3(s) + 3 H+ ⇌ Ho3+ + 3 H2O | 15.4 | 15.60 ± 0.30 |
Indium
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[58] | NIST46[4] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[59] |
---|---|---|---|
In3+ + H2O ⇌ InOH2+ + H+ | –4.00 | –3.927 | –3.96 |
In3+ + 2 H2O ⇌ In(OH)2+ + 2 H+ | –7.82 | –7.794 | –9.16 |
In3+ + 3 H2O ⇌ In(OH)3 + 3 H+ | –12.4 | –12.391 | |
In3+ + 4 H2O ⇌ In(OH)4– + 4 H+ | –22.07 | –22.088 | –22.05 |
In(OH)3(s) ⇌ In3+ + 3 OH– | –36.92 | –36.9 | –36.92 |
1/2 In2O3(s) + 3/2 H2O ⇌ In3+ + 3 OH– | –35.24 |
Iridium
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[60] |
---|---|
Ir3+ + H2O ⇌ IrOH2+ + H+ | ‒3.77 ± 0.10 |
Ir3+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Ir(OH)2+ + 2 H+ | ‒8.46 ± 0.20 |
Ir(OH)3(s) + 3 H+ ⇌ Ir3+ + 3 H2O | 8.88 ± 0.20 |
Iron(II)
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[61] | Nordstrom et al., 1990[17] | Hummel et al., 2002[45] | Lemire et al., 2013[62] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[63] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fe2+ + H2O ⇌ FeOH+ + H+ | –9.3 | –9.5 | –9.5 | –9.1 ± 0.4 | −9.43 ± 0.10 |
Fe2+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Fe(OH)2 + 2 H+ | –20.5 | −20.52 ± 0.08 | |||
Fe2+ + 3 H2O ⇌ Fe(OH)3- + 3 H+ | –29.4 | −32.68 ± 0.15 | |||
Fe(OH)2(s) +2 H+ ⇌ Fe2+ + 2 H2O | 12.27 ± 0.88 |
Iron(III)
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[61] | Lemire et al., 2013[62] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[64] |
---|---|---|---|
Fe3+ + H2O ⇌ FeOH2+ + H+ | –2.19 | −2.15 ± 0.07 | –2.20 ± 0.02 |
Fe3+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Fe(OH)2+ + 2 H+ | –5.67 | −4.8 ± 0.4 | –5.71 ± 0.10 |
Fe3+ + 3 H2O ⇌ Fe(OH)3 + 3 H+ | <–12 | <–14 | –12.42 ± 0.20 |
Fe3+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Fe(OH)4– + 4 H+ | –21.6 | −21.5 ± 0.5 | –21.60 ± 0.23 |
2 Fe3+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Fe2(OH)24+ + 2 H+ | –2.95 | –2.91 ± 0.07 | –2.91 ± 0.07 |
3 Fe3+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Fe3(OH)45+ + 4 H+ | –6.3 | −6.3 ± 0.1 | |
Fe(OH)3(s) +3 H+ ⇌ Fe3+ + 3 H2O
2-line ferrihydrite |
2.5 | 3.5 | 3.50 ± 0.20 |
Fe(OH)3(s) ⇌ Fe3+ + 3 OH−
6-line ferrihydrite |
−38.97 ± 0.64 | ||
α-FeOOH(s)+ 3 H+ ⇌ Fe3+ + 2 H2O
goethite |
0.5 | 0.33 ± 0.10 | |
α-FeOOH + H2O ⇌ Fe3+ + 3 OH−
goethite |
−41.83 ± 0.37 | ||
0.5 α-Fe2O3(s)+ 3 H+ ⇌ Fe3+ + 1.5 H2O
hematite |
0.36 ± 0.40 | ||
0.5 α-Fe2O3 + 1.5 H2O ⇌ Fe3+ + 3 OH−
hematite |
−42.05 ± 0.26 | ||
0.5 γ-Fe2O3(s) + 3 H+ ⇌ Fe3+ + 1.5 H2O
maghemite |
1.61 ± 0.61 | ||
0.5 γ-Fe2O3 + 1.5 H2O ⇌ Fe3+ + 3 OH−
maghemite |
−40.59 ± 0.29 | ||
α-FeOOH(s)+ 3 H+ ⇌ Fe3+ + 2 H2O
lepidocrocite |
1.85 ± 0.37 | ||
γ-FeOOH + H2O ⇌ Fe3+ + 3 OH−
lepidocrocite |
−40.13 ± 0.37 | ||
Fe(OH)3(s) + 3 H+ ⇌ Fe3+ + 3 H2O
magnetite |
−12.26 ± 0.26 |
Lanthanum
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[65] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[66] |
---|---|---|
La3+ + H2O ⇌ LaOH2+ + H+ | –8.5 | –8.89 ± 0.10 |
2 La3+ + 2 H2O ⇌ La2(OH)24+ + 2 H+ | ≤ –17.5 | –17.57 ± 0.20 |
3 La3+ + 5 H2O ⇌ La3(OH)54+ + 5 H+ | ≤ –38.3 | –37.8 ± 0.3 |
5 La3+ + 9 H2O ⇌ La5(OH)96+ + 9 H+ | –71.2 | |
La(OH)3(s) + 3 H+ ⇌ La3+ + 3 H2O | 20.3 | 19.72 ± 0.34 |
Lead(II)
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[67] | NIST46[4] | Powell et al, 2009[68] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[69] | Cataldo et al., 2018[70] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pb2+ + H2O ⇌ PbOH+ + H+ | –7.71 | –7.6 | –7.46 ± 0.06 | –7.49 ± 0.13 | –6.47± 0.03 |
Pb2+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Pb(OH)2 + 2 H+ | –17.12 | –17.1 | –16.94 ± 0.09 | –16.99 ± 0.06 | –16.12 ± 0.01 |
Pb2+ + 3 H2O ⇌ Pb(OH)3- + 3 H+ | –28.06 | –28.1 | –28.03± 0.06 | –27.94 ± 0.21 | –28.4 ± 0.1 |
Pb2+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Pb(OH)42- + 4 H+ | –40.8 | ||||
2 Pb2+ + H2O ⇌ Pb2(OH)3+ + H+ | –6.36 | –6.4 | –7.28± 0.09 | –6.73 ± 0.31 | |
3 Pb2+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Pb3(OH)42+ + 4 H+ | –23.88 | –23.9 | –23.01 ± 0.07 | –23.43 ± 0.10 | |
3 Pb2+ + 5 H2O ⇌ Pb3(OH)5+ + 5 H+ | –31.11 ± 0.10 | ||||
4 Pb2+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Pb4(OH)44+ + 4 H+ | –20.88 | –20.9 | –20.57± 0.06 | –20.71 ± 0.18 | |
6 Pb2+ + 8 H2O ⇌ Pb6(OH)84+ + 8 H+ | –43.61 | –43.6 | –42.89± 0.07 | –43.27 ± 0.47 | |
PbO(s) + 2 H+ ⇌ Pb2+ + H2O | 12.62 (red)
12.90 (yellow) |
||||
PbO(s) +H2O ⇌ Pb2+ + 2 OH– | –15.28 (red) | -15.3 | –15.3 (red)
–15.1 (yellow) |
–15.37 ± 0.04 (red)
–15.1 ± 0.08 (yellow) |
|
Pb2O(OH)2(s) +H2O ⇌ 2 Pb2+ + 4 OH– | –14.9 | ||||
PbO(s) +H2O ⇌ Pb(OH)2 | –4.4 (red)
–4.2 (yellow) |
||||
Pb2O(OH)2(s) +H2O ⇌ 2 Pb(OH)2 | –4.0 | ||||
PbO(s) + 2 H2O ⇌ Pb(OH)3– + H+ | –1.4 (red)
–1.2 (yellow) |
||||
Pb2O(OH)2(s) + 2 H2O ⇌ 2 Pb(OH)3– + 2 H+ | –1.0 |
Lead(IV)
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Feitknecht and Schindler, 1963[71] |
---|---|
β-PbO2 + 2 H2O ⇌ Pb4+ + 4 OH– | –64 |
β-PbO2 + 2 H2O + 2 OH– ⇌ Pb(OH)62– | –4.5 |
Lithium
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[72] | Nordstrom et al., 1990[17] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[73] |
---|---|---|---|
Li+ + H2O ⇌ LiOH + H+ | –13.64 | –13.64 | –13.84 ± 0.14 |
Magnesium
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[74] | Nordstrom et al., 1990[17] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[75] |
---|---|---|---|
Mg2+ + H2O ⇌ MgOH+ + H+ | –11.44 | –11.44 | –11.70 ± 0.04 |
4 Mg2+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Mg4(OH)44+ + 4 H+ | –39.71 | ||
Mg(OH)2(cr) + 2 H+ ⇌ Mg2+ + 2 H2O | 16.84 | 16.84 | 17.11 ± 0.04 |
Manganese(II)
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Perrin et al., 1969[76] | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[77] | Nordstrom et al., 1990[17] | Hummel et al., 2002[45] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[78] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mn2+ + H2O ⇌ MnOH+ + H+ | –10.59 | –10.59 | –10.59 | –10.59 | −10.58 ± 0.04 |
Mn2+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Mn(OH)2 + 2 H+ | –22.2 | −22.18 ± 0.20 | |||
Mn2+ + 3 H2O ⇌ Mn(OH)3– + 3 H+ | –34.8 | −34.34 ± 0.45 | |||
Mn2+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Mn(OH)42– + 4 H+ | –48.3 | −48.28 ± 0.40 | |||
2 Mn2+ + H2O ⇌ Mn2OH3+ + H+ | –10.56 | ||||
2 Mn2+ + 3 H2O ⇌ Mn2(OH)3+ + 6 H+ | –23.90 | ||||
Mn(OH)2(s) + 2 H+ ⇌ Mn2+ + 2 H2O | 15.2 | 15.2 | 15.2 | 15.19 ± 0.10 | |
MnO(s) + 2 H+ ⇌ Mn2+ + H2O | 17.94 ± 0.12 |
Manganese(III)
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[79] |
---|---|
Mn3+ + H2O ⇌ MnOH2+ + H+ | –11.70 ± 0.04 |
Mercury(I)
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[80] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[81] |
---|---|---|
Hg22+ + H2O ⇌ Hg2OH+ + H+ | −5.0a | −4.45 ± 0.10 |
(a) 0.5 M HClO4
Mercury(II)
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[82] | Powell et all, 2005[83] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[79] |
---|---|---|---|
Hg2+ + H2O ⇌ HgOH+ + H+ | −3.40 | –3.40 ± 0.08 | –3.40 ± 0.08 |
Hg2+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Hg(OH)2 + 2 H+ | -6.17 | –5.98 ± 0.06 | −5.96 ± 0.07 |
Hg2+ + 3 H2O ⇌ Hg(OH)3– + 3 H+ | –21.1 | –21.1 ± 0.3 | |
HgO(s) + 2 H+ ⇌ Hg2+ + H2O | 2.56 | 2.37 ± 0.08 | 2.37 ± 0.08 |
Molybdenum(VI)
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution, T = 298.15 K and I = 3 M NaClO4 (a) or 0.1 M Na+ medium, Data at I = 0 are not available (b):
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[84] | Jolivet, 2000[85] | NIST46[4] | Crea et al., 2017[86] |
---|---|---|---|---|
MoO42– + H+ ⇌ HMoO4– | 3.89a | 4.24 | 4.47 ± 0.02 | |
MoO42– + 2 H+ ⇌ H2MoO4 | 7.50a | 8.12 ± 0.03 | ||
HMoO4– + H+ ⇌ H2MoO4 | 4.0 | |||
Mo7O246– + H+ ⇌ HMo7O245– | 4.4 | |||
HMo7O245– + H+ ⇌ H2Mo7O244– | 3.5 | |||
H2Mo7O244– + H+ ⇌ H3Mo7O243– | 2.5 | |||
7 MoO42-+ 8 H+ ⇌ Mo7O246– + 4 H2O | 57.74a | 52.99b | 51.93 ± 0.04 | |
7 MoO42– + 9 H+ ⇌ Mo7O23(OH)5– + 4 H2O | 62.14a | 58.90 ± 0.02 | ||
7 MoO42– + 10 H+ ⇌ Mo7O22(OH)24– + 4 H2O | 65.68a | 64.63 ± 0.05 | ||
7 MoO42– + 11 H+ ⇌ Mo7O21(OH)33– + 4 H2O | 68.21a | 68.68 ± 0.06 | ||
19 MoO42- + 34 H+ ⇌ Mo19O594– + 17 H2O | 196.3a | 196a | ||
MoO3(s) + H2O ⇌ MoO42– + 2 H+ | –12.06a |
Neodymium
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[28] | NIST46[4] | Neck et al., 2009[87] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[29] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nd3+ + H2O ⇌ NdOH2+ + H+ | –8.0 | –8.0 | –7.4 ± 0.4 | –8.13 ± 0.05 |
Nd3+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Nd(OH)2+ + 2 H+ | (–16.9) | –15.7 ± 0.7 | ||
Nd3+ + 3 H2O ⇌ Nd(OH)3(aq) + 3 H+ | (–26.5) | –26.2 ± 0.5 | ||
Nd3+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Nd(OH)4− + 4 H+ | (–37.1) | –37.4 | –40.7 ± 0.7 | |
2 Nd3+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Nd2(OH)24+ + 2 H+ | –13.86 | –13.9 | –15.56 ± 0.20 | |
3 Nd3+ + 5 H2O ⇌ Nd3(OH)54+ + 5 H+ | < –28.5 | –34.2 ± 0.3 | ||
Nd(OH)3(s) + 3 H+ ⇌ Nd3+ + 3 H2O | 18.6 | 17.2 ± 0.4 | 17.89 ± 0.09 | |
Nd(OH)3(s) ⇌ Nd3+ + 3 OH– | –23.2 ± 0.9 | –21.5 (act)
–23.1(inact) |
Neptunium(III)
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[88] | Grenthe et al, 2020[6] |
---|---|---|
Np3+ + H2O ⇌ NpOH2+ + H+ | -7.3 ± 0.5 | –6.8 ± 0.3 |
Neptunium(IV)
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[89] | NIST46[4] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[90] | Grenthe et al, 2020[6] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Np4+ + H2O ⇌ NpOH3+ + H+ | –1.49 | –1.5 | –1.31 ± 0.05 | 0.5 ± 0.2 |
Np4+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Np(OH)22+ + 2 H+ | –3.7 ± 0.3 | 0.3 ± 0.3 | ||
Np4+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Np(OH)4 + 4 H+ | –10.0 ± 0.9 | –8 ± 1 | ||
Np4+ + 4 OH- ⇌ NpO2(am, hyd) + 2 H2O | 52 | 54.9 ± 0.4 | 57.5 ± 0.3 | 56.7 ± 0.5 |
Neptunium(V)
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[89] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[91] | Grenthe et al, 2020[6] |
---|---|---|---|
NpO2+ + + H2O ⇌ NpO2(OH) + H+ | –8.85 | –10.7 ± 0.5 | –11.3 ± 0.7 |
NpO2+ + 2 H2O ⇌ NpO2(OH)2- + 2 H+ | –22.8 ± 0.7 | –23.6 ± 0.5 | |
NpO2+ + H2O ⇌ NpO2(OH)(am, fresh) + H+ | ≤ –4.7 | –5.21 ± 0.05 | –5.3 ± 0.2 |
NpO2+ + H2O ⇌ NpO2(OH)(am, aged) + H+ | –4.53 ± 0.06 | –4.7 ± 0.5 |
Neptunium(VI)
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer,
1976[92] |
NIST46[4] | Brown and Ekberg,
2016[93] |
Grenthe et
al, 2020[6] |
---|---|---|---|---|
NpO22+ + H2O ⇌ NpO2(OH)+ + H+ | –5.15 | –5.12 | –5.1 ± 0.2 | –5.1 ± 0.4 |
NpO22+ + 3 H2O ⇌ NpO2(OH)3- + 3 H+ | –21 ± 1 | |||
NpO22+ + 4 H2O ⇌ NpO2(OH)42- + 4 H+ | –32 ± 1 | |||
2 NpO22+ + 2 H2O ⇌ (NpO2)2(OH)22+ + 2 H+ | –6.39 | –6.39 | –6.2 ± 0.2 | –6.2 ± 0.2 |
3 NpO22+ + 5 H2O ⇌ (NpO2)3(OH)5+ + 5 H+ | –17.49 | –17.49 | –17.0 ± 0.2 | –17.1 ± 0.2 |
NpO22+ + 2 H2O ⇌ NpO3.H2O(cr) + 2 H+ | ≥-6.6 | –5.4 ± 0.4 | –5.4 ± 0.4 |
Nickel(II)
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Feitknecht and Schindler, 1963[71] | Baes and Messmer, 1976[94] | NIST46[4] | Gamsjäger et al., 2005[95] | Thoenen et al., 2014[96] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[97] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ni2+ + H2O ⇌ NiOH+ + H+ | –9.86 | –9.9 | –9.54 ± 0.14 | –9.54 ± 0.14 | –9.90 ± 0.03 | |
Ni2+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Ni(OH)2 + 2 H+ | –19 | –19 | < –18 | –21.15 ± 0.0 | ||
Ni2+ + 3 H2O ⇌ Ni(OH)3– + 3 H+ | –30 | –30 | –29.2 ± 1.7 | –29.2 ± 1.7 | ||
Ni2+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Ni(OH)42– + 4 H+ | < –44 | |||||
2 Ni2+ + H2O ⇌ Ni2(OH)3+ + H+ | –10.7 | –10.6 ± 1.0 | –10.6 ± 1.0 | –10.6 ± 1.0 | ||
4 Ni2+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Ni4(OH)44+ + 4 H+ | –27.74 | –27.7 | –27.52 ± 0.15 | –27.52 ± 0.15 | –27.9 ± 0.6 | |
β-Ni(OH)2(s) + 2 H+ ⇌ Ni2+ + 2 H2O | 10.8 | 11.02 ± 0.20 | 10.96 ± 0.20
11.75 ± 0.13 (microcr) | |||
Ni(OH)2(s) ⇌ Ni2+ + 2 OH– | –17.2 (inactive) | –17.2 | –16.97± 0.20 (β)
–17.2 ± 1.3 (cr) |
|||
Ni(OH)2(s) + OH– ⇌ Ni(OH)3– | –4.2 (inactive) | |||||
NiO(cr) + 2 H+ ⇌ Ni2+ + H2O | 12.38 ± 0.06 | 12.48 ± 0.15 |
Niobium
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[72] | Filella and May, 2020[98] |
---|---|---|
Nb(OH)5 + H+ ⇌ Nb(OH)4+ + H2O | ~ –0.6 | 1.603 |
Nb(OH)5 + H2O ⇌ Nb(OH)6– + H+ | ~ –4.8 | –4.951 |
Nb6O198– + H+ ⇌ HNb6O197– | 14.95 | |
HNb6O197– + H+ ⇌ H2Nb6O196– | 13.23 | |
H2Nb6O196– + H+ ⇌ H3Nb6O195– | 11.73 | |
1/2 Nb2O5(act) + 5/2 H2O ⇌ Nb(OH)5 | ~ –7.4 | |
Nb(OH)5(am,s) ⇌ Nb(OH)5 | –7.510 | |
Nb2O5(s) + 5 H2O ⇌ 2 Nb(OH)5 | –18.31 |
Osmium(VI)
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution, I = 0.1 M and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Galbács et al., 1983[99] |
---|---|
OsO2(OH)42– + H+ ⇌ HOsO2(OH)4– | 10.4 |
HOsO2(OH)4– + H+ ⇌ H2OsO2(OH)4 | 8.5 |
Osmium(VIII)
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Galbács et al., 1983[99] |
---|---|
OsO2(OH)3(O-)aq + H+ ⇌ OsO2(OH)4aq | 12.2a |
OsO2(OH)2(O-)2aq + H+ ⇌ OsO2(OH)3(O-)aq | 14.4b |
(a) At I = 0.1 M (b) At I = 2.5 M
Palladium
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Perrin et al., 1969[100] | Hummel et al., 2002[45] | Kitamura and Yul, 2010[101] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[102] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pd2+ + H2O ⇌ PdOH+ + H+ | −0.96 | −0.65 ± 0.64 | −1.16 ± 0.30 | |
Pd2+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Pd(OH)2 + 2 H+ | −2.6 | −4 ± 1 | −3.11 ± 0.63 | −3.07 ± 0.16 |
Pd2+ + 3 H2O ⇌ Pd(OH)3− + 3 H+ | −15.5 ± 1 | −14.20 ± 0.63 | ||
Pd(OH)2(am) + 2 H+ ⇌ Pd2+ + 2 H2O | −3.3 ± 1 | −3.4 ± 0.2 |
Plutonium(III)
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[103] | NIST46[4] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[104] | Grenthe et al, 2020[6] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pu3+ + H2O ⇌ PuOH2+ + H+ | –7.0 | –6.9 ± 0.2 | –6.9 ± 0.3 | |
Pu3+ + 3 H2O ⇌ Pu(OH)3(cr) + 3 H+ | –19.65 | –15.8 ± 0.8 | –15 ± 1 |
Plutonium(IV)
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[105] | NIST46[4] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[106] | Grenthe et al, 2020[6] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pu4+ + H2O ⇌ PuOH 3+ + H+ | –0.5 | –0.5 | –0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.2 |
Pu4+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Pu(OH)22+ + 2 H+ | (–2.3) | 0.6 ± 0.3 | ||
Pu4+ + 3 H2O ⇌ Pu(OH)3+ + 3 H+ | (–5.3) | –2.3 ± 0.4 | ||
Pu4+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Pu(OH)4 + 4 H+ | –9.5 | –12.5 ± 0.7 | –8.5 ± 0.5 | |
Pu4+ + 4 OH- ⇌ PuO2(am, hyd) + 2 H2O | 49.5 | 47.9 ± 0.4 (0w)
53.8 ± 0.5 (1w) |
58.3 ± 0.5 |
Plutonium(V)
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[107] | NIST46[4] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[108] | Grenthe et al, 2020[6] |
---|---|---|---|---|
PuO2+ + H2O ⇌ PuO2(OH) + H+ | –1.49 | –1.5 | –1.31 ± 0.05 | 0.5 ± 0.2 |
PuO2+ + H2O ⇌ PuO2(OH)(am) + H+ | –3.7 ± 0.3 | 0.3 ± 0.3 |
Plutonium(VI)
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer,
1976[109] |
NIST46[4] | Brown and Ekberg,
2016[110] |
Grenthe et
al, 2020[6] |
---|---|---|---|---|
PuO22+ + H2O ⇌ PuO2(OH)+ + H+ | –5.6 | –5.6 | –5.36 ± 0.09 | –5.5 ± 0.5 |
PuO22+ + 2 H2O ⇌ PuO2(OH)2 + 2 H+ | –12.9 ± 0.2 | –13 ± 1 | ||
PuO22+ + 3 H2O ⇌ PuO2(OH)3- + 3 H+ | –24 ± 1 | |||
2 PuO22+ + 2 H2O ⇌ (PuO2)2(OH)22+ + 2 H+ | –8.36 | –8.36 | –7.8 ± 0.5 | –7 ± 1 |
3 PuO22+ + 5 H2O ⇌ (PuO2)3(OH)5+ + 5 H+ | –21.65 | –21.65 | ||
PuO22+ + 2 OH- ⇌ PuO2(OH)2(am, hyd) | 22.8 ± 0.6 |
Potassium
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[72] | Nordstrom et al., 1990[17] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[111] |
---|---|---|---|
K+ + H2O ⇌ KOH + H+ | –14.46 | –14.46 | –14.5 ± 0.4 |
Praseodymium
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[28] | NIST46[4] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[29] |
---|---|---|---|
Pr3+ + H2O ⇌ PrOH2+ + H+ | –8.1 | –8.30 ± 0.03 | |
2 Pr3+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Pr2(OH)24+ + 2 H+ | –16.31 ± 0.20 | ||
3 Pr3+ + 5 H2O ⇌ Pr3(OH)54+ + 5 H+ | –35.0 ± 0.3 | ||
Pr(OH)3(s) + 3 H+ ⇌ Pr3+ + 3 H2O | 19.5 | 18.57 ± 0.20 | |
Pr(OH)3(s) ⇌ Pr3+ + 3 OH– | –22.3 ± 1.0 |
Radium
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Nordstrom et al., 1990[17] |
---|---|
Ra2+ + H2O ⇌ RaOH+ + H+ | –13.49 |
Rhodium
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Perrin et al., 1969[112] | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[113] | Brown and Ekberg[114] |
---|---|---|---|
Rh3+ + H2O ⇌ RhOH2+ + H+ | ‒3.43 | ‒3.4 | ‒3.09 ± 0.1 |
Rh(OH)3(c) + OH‒ ⇌ Rh(OH)4‒ | ‒3.9 |
Samarium
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[28] | NIST46[4] | Brown and Ekberg[29] |
---|---|---|---|
Sm3+ + H2O ⇌ SmOH2+ + H+ | –7.9 | –7.9 | –7.84 ± 0.11 |
2 Sm3+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Sm2(OH)24+ + 2 H+ | –14.75 ± 0.20 | ||
3 Sm3+ + 5 H2O ⇌ Sm3(OH)54+ + 5 H+ | –33.9 ± 0.3 | ||
Sm(OH)3(s) + 3H+ ⇌ Sm3+ + 3H2O | 16.5 | 17.19 ± 0.30 | |
Sm(OH)3(s) ⇌ Sm3+ + 3 OH- | –23.9 ± 0.9 (am)
–25.9 (cr) |
Scandium
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[115] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[116] |
---|---|---|
Sc3+ + H2O ⇌ ScOH2+ + H+ | –4.3 | –4.16 ± 0.05 |
Sc3+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Sc(OH)2+ + 2 H+ | –9.7 | –9.71 ± 0.30 |
Sc3+ + 3 H2O ⇌ Sc(OH)3 + 3 H+ | –16.1 | –16.08 ± 0.30 |
Sc3+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Sc(OH)4–+ 4 H+ | –26 | –26.7 ± 0.3 |
2 Sc3+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Sc2(OH)24+ + 2 H+ | –6.0 | –6.02 ± 0.10 |
3 Sc3+ + 5 H2O ⇌ Sc3(OH)54+ + 5 H+ | –16.34 | –16.33 ± 0.10 |
Sc(OH)3(s) + 3 H+ ⇌ Sc3+ + 3 H2O | 9.17 ± 0.30 | |
ScO1.5(s) + 3 H+ ⇌ Sc3+ + 1.5 H2O | 5.53 ± 0.30 | |
ScO(OH)(c) + 3 H+ ⇌ Sc3+ + 2 H2O | 9.4 | |
Sc(OH)3(c) + OH– ⇌ Sc(OH)4 | –3.5 ± 0.2 |
Selenium(–II)
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Olin et al., 2015[117] | Thoenen et al., 2014[96] |
---|---|---|
H2Se(g) ⇌ H2Se(aq) | –1.10 ± 0.01 | –1.10 ± 0.01 |
H2Se ⇌ HSe– + H+ | –3.85 ± 0.05 | –3.85 ± 0.05 |
HSe– ⇌ Se2– + H+ | –14.91 ± 0.20 |
Selenium(IV)
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[118] | Olin et al., 2005[117] | Thoenen et al., 2014[96] |
---|---|---|---|
SeO32– + H+ ⇌ HSeO3– | 8.50 | 8.36 ± 0.23 | 8.36 ± 0.23 |
HSeO3– + H+ ⇌ H2SeO3 | 2.75 | 2.64 ± 0.14 | 2.64 ± 0.14 |
Selenium(VI)
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[119] | Olin et al., 2005[117] | Thoenen et al., 2014[96] |
---|---|---|---|
SeO42‒ + H+ ⇌ HSeO4‒ | 1.360 | 1.75 ± 0.10 | 1.75 ± 0.10 |
Silicon
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[120] | Thoenen et al., 2014[96] |
---|---|---|
Si(OH)4 ⇌ SiO(OH)3– + H+ | –9.86 | –9.81 ± 0.02 |
Si(OH)4 ⇌ SiO2(OH)22– + 2 H+ | –22.92 | –23.14 ± 0.09 |
4 Si(OH)4 ⇌ Si4O6(OH)64– + 2 H+ + 4 H2O | –13.44 | |
4 Si(OH)4 ⇌ Si4O8(OH)44– + 4 H+ + 4 H2O | –35.80 | –36.3 ± 0.2 |
SiO2(quartz) + 2 H2O ⇌ Si(OH)4 | –4.0 | –3.739 ± 0.087 |
SiO2(am) + 2 H2O ⇌ Si(OH)4 | –2.714 |
Silver
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[121] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[122] |
---|---|---|
Ag+ + H2O ⇌ AgOH + H+ | −12.0 | −11.75 ± 0.14 |
Ag+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Ag(OH)2− + 2 H+ | −24.0 | −24.34 ± 0.14 |
0.5 Ag2O(am) + H+ ⇌ Ag+ + 0.5 H2O | 6.29 | 6.27 ± 0.05 |
Sodium
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[72] | Nordstrom et al., 1990[17] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[123] |
---|---|---|---|
Na+ + H2O ⇌ NaOH + H+ | –14.18 | –14.18 | –14.4 ± 0.2 |
Strontium
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[16] | Nordstrom et al., 1990[17] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[124] |
---|---|---|---|
Sr2+ + H2O ⇌ SrOH+ + H+ | –13.29 | –13.29 | –13.15 ± 0.05 |
Tantalum
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[125] | Filella and May, 2019a[126] |
---|---|---|
Ta(OH)5 + H+ ⇌ Ta(OH)4+ + H2O | ~1 | 0.7007 |
Ta(OH)5 + H2O ⇌ Ta(OH)6– + H+ | ~ –9.6 | |
Ta6O198– + H+ ⇌ HTa6O197– | 16.35 | |
HTa6O197– + H+ ⇌ H2Ta6O196– | 14.00 | |
1/2 Ta2O5(act) + 5/2 H2O ⇌ Ta(OH)5 | ~ –5.2 | |
Ta(OH)5(s) ⇌ Ta(OH)5 | –5.295 | |
Ta2O5(s) + 5 H2O ⇌ 2 Ta(OH)5 | –20.00 |
(a) The number of significant figures are retained to minimise propagation of round-off errors; they should not be taken to indicate the relative uncertainty of the values, which is always at least one order of magnitude less than indicated.
Tellurium(-II)
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Filella and May, 2019a[127] |
---|---|
Te2‒ + H+ ⇌ HTe‒ | 11.81 |
HTe‒ + H+ ⇌ H2Te | 2.476 |
(a) The number of significant figures are retained to minimise propagation of round-off errors; they should not be taken to indicate the relative uncertainty of the values, which is always at least one order of magnitude less than indicated.
Tellurium(IV)
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[128] | Filella and May, 2019a[127] |
---|---|---|
TeO32‒ + H+ ⇌ HTeO3‒ | 9.928 | |
HTeO3‒ + H+ ⇌ H2TeO3 | 6.445 | |
H2TeO3 ⇌ HTeO3‒ + H+ | ‒2.68 | |
H2TeO3 ⇌ TeO32‒ + 2 H+ | ‒12.5 | |
H2TeO3 + H+ ⇌ Te(OH)3+ | 3.13 | 2.415 |
TeO2(s) + H2O ⇌ H2TeO3 | ‒4.709 |
(a) The number of significant figures are retained to minimise propagation of round-off errors; they should not be taken to indicate the relative uncertainty of the values, which is always at least one order of magnitude less than indicated.
Tellurium(VI)
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[128] | Filella and May, 2019a[127] |
---|---|---|
TeO2(OH)42‒ + H+ ⇌ TeO(OH)5‒ | 10.83 | |
TeO(OH)5‒ + H+ ⇌ Te(OH)6 | 7.68 | 7.696 |
TeO2(OH)42‒ + 2 H+ ⇌ Te(OH)6 | 18.68 | |
TeO3(OH)33‒ + 3 H+ ⇌ Te(OH)6 | 34.3 | |
2 Te(OH)6 ⇌ Te2O(OH)11‒ + H+ | ‒6.929 |
(a) The number of significant figures are retained to minimise propagation of round-off errors; they should not be taken to indicate the relative uncertainty of the values, which is always at least one order of magnitude less than indicated.
Terbium
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[28] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[129] |
---|---|---|
Tb3+ + H2O ⇌ TbOH2+ + H+ | −7.9 | −7.60 ± 0.09 |
2 Tb3+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Tb2(OH)24+ + 2 H+ | −13.9 ± 0.2 | |
3 Tb3+ + 5 H2O ⇌ Tb3(OH)54+ + 5 H+ | −31.7 ± 0.3 | |
Tb(OH)3(s) + 3 H+ ⇌ Tb3+ + 3 H2O | 16.5 | 16.33 ± 0.30 |
Thallium(I)
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[130] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[131] |
---|---|---|
Tl+ + H2O ⇌ TlOH + H+ | –13.21 | |
Tl+ + OH– ⇌ TlOH | 0.64 ± 0.05 | |
Tl+ + 2 OH– ⇌ Tl(OH)2– | –0.7 ± 0.7 | |
1/2 Tl2O(s) + H+ ⇌ Tl+ + 1/2 H2O | 13.55 ± 0.20 |
(a) The number of significant figures are retained to minimise propagation of round-off errors; they should not be taken to indicate the relative uncertainty of the values, which is always at least one order of magnitude less than indicated.
Thallium(III)
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[130] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[131] |
---|---|---|
Tl3+ + H2O ⇌ TlOH2+ + H+ | –0.62 | –0.22 ± 0.19 |
Tl3+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Tl(OH)2+ + 2 H+ | –1.57 | |
Tl3+ + 3 H2O ⇌ Tl(OH)3 + 3 H+ | –3.3 | |
Tl3+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Tl(OH)4– + 4 H+ | –15.0 | |
1/2 Tl2O3(s) + 3 H+ ⇌ Tl3+ + 3/2 H2O | –3.90 | –3.90 ± 0.10 |
(a) The number of significant figures are retained to minimise propagation of round-off errors; they should not be taken to indicate the relative uncertainty of the values, which is always at least one order of magnitude less than indicated.
Thorium
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer,
1976[132] |
Rand et
al., 2008[133] |
Thoenen et
al, 014[134] |
Brown and Ekberg,
2016[135] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Th4+ + H2O ⇌ ThOH3+ + H+ | –3.20 | –2.5 ± 0.5 | –2.5 ± 0.5 | –2.5 ± 0.5 |
Th4+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Th(OH)22+ + 2 H+ | –6.93 | –6.2 ± 0.5 | –6.2 ± 0.5 | –6.2 ± 0.5 |
Th4+ + 3 H2O ⇌ Th(OH)3+ + 3 H+ | < –11.7 | |||
Th4+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Th(OH)4 + 4 H+ | –15.9 | –17.4 ± 0.7 | –17.4 ± 0.7 | –17.4 ± 0.7 |
2Th4+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Th2(OH)26+ + 2 H+ | –6.14 | –5.9 ± 0.5 | –5.9 ± 0.5 | –5.9 ± 0.5 |
2Th4+ + 3 H2O ⇌ Th2(OH)35+ + 3 H+ | –6.8 ± 0.2 | –6.8 ± 0.2 | –6.8 ± 0.2 | |
4Th4+ + 8 H2O ⇌ Th4(OH)88+ + 8 H+ | –21.1 | –20.4 ± 0.4 | –20.4 ± 0.4 | –20.4 ± 0.4 |
4Th4+ + 12 H2O ⇌ Th4(OH)124+ + 12 H+ | –26.6 ± 0.2 | –26.6 ± 0.2 | –26.6 ± 0.2 | |
6Th4+ + 15 H2O(l) ⇌ Th6(OH)159+ + 15 H+ | –36.76 | –36.8 ± 1.5 | –36.8 ± 1.5 | –36.8 ± 1.5 |
6Th4+ + 14 H2O(l) ⇌ Th6(OH)1410+ + 14 H+ | –36.8 ± 1.2 | –36.8 ± 1.2 | –36.8 ± 1.2 | |
ThO2(c) + 4 H+ ⇌ Th4+ + 2 H2O | 6.3 | |||
ThO2(am) + 4 H+ ⇌ Th4+ + 2 H2O | 8.8 ± 1.0 | |||
ThO2(am,hyd,fresh) + 4 H+ ⇌ Th4+ + 2 H2O | 9.3 ± 0.9 | |||
ThO2(am,hyd,aged) + 4 H+ ⇌ Th4+ + 2 H2O | 8.5 ± 0.9 | |||
Th4+ + 4 OH- ⇌ ThO2(am,hyd,fresh) + 2 H2O | 46.7 ± 0.9 | |||
Th4+ + 4 OH- ⇌ ThO2(am,hyd,aged) + 2 H2O | 47.5 ± 0.9 |
Thulium
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[28] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[136] |
---|---|---|
Tm3+ + H2O ⇌ TmOH2+ + H+ | −7.7 | −7.34 ± 0.09 |
2 Tm3+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Tm2(OH)24+ + 2 H+ | −13.2 ± 0.2 | |
3 Tm3+ + 5 H2O ⇌ Tm3(OH)54+ + 5 H+ | −30.5 ± 0.3 | |
Tm(OH)3(s) + 3 H+ ⇌ Tm3+ + 3 H2O | 15.0 | 15.56 ± 0.40 |
Tin(II)
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Feitknecht, 1963[71] | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[137] | Hummel et al., 2002[45] | NIST46[4] | Cigala et al, 2012[138] | Gamsjäger et al, 2012[139] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[140] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sn2+ + H2O ⇌ SnOH+ + H+ | –3.40 | –3.8 ± 0.2 | –3.4 | –3.52 ± 0.05 | –3.53 ± 0.40 | –3.53 ± 0.40 | |
Sn2+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Sn(OH)2 + 2 H+ | –7.06 | –7.7 ± 0.2 | –7.1 | –6.26 ± 0.06 | –7.68 ± 0.40 | –7.68 ± 0.40 | |
Sn2+ + 3 H2O ⇌ Sn(OH)3– + 3 H+ | –16.61 | –17.5 ± 0.2 | –16.6 | –16.97 ± 0.17 | –17.00 ± 0.60 | –17.56 ± 0.40 | |
2 Sn2+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Sn2(OH)22+ + 2 H+ | –4.77 | –4.8 | –4.79 ± 0.05 | ||||
3 Sn2+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Sn3(OH)42+ + 4 H+ | –6.88 | –5.6 ± 1.6 | –6.88 | –5.88 ± 0.05 | –5.60 ± 0.47 | −5.60 ± 0.47 | |
Sn(OH)2(s) ⇌ Sn2+ + 2 OH– | –25.8 | –26.28 ± 0.08 | |||||
SnO(s) + 2 H+ ⇌ Sn2+ + H2O | 1.76 | 2.5± 0.5 | 1.60 ± 0.15 | ||||
SnO(s) + H2O ⇌ Sn2+ + 2 OH– | –26.2 | ||||||
SnO(s) + H2O ⇌ Sn(OH)2 | –5.3 | ||||||
SnO(s) + 2 H2O ⇌ Sn(OH)3– + H+ | –0.9 |
Tin(IV)
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Hummel et al., 2002[45] | Gamsjäger et al, 2012[139] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[140] |
---|---|---|---|
Sn4+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Sn(OH)4 + 4 H+ | 7.53 ± 0.12 | ||
Sn4+ + 5 H2O ⇌ Sn(OH)5– + 5 H+ | –1.07 ± 0.42 | ||
Sn4+ + 6 H2O ⇌ Sn(OH)62– + 6 H+ | –1.07 ± 0.42 | ||
Sn(OH)4 + H2O ⇌ Sn(OH)5– + H+ | –8.0 ± 0.3 | –8.60 ± 0.40 | |
Sn(OH)4 + 2 H2O ⇌ Sn(OH)62– + 2 H+ | –18.4 ± 0.3 | –18.67 ± 0.30 | |
SnO2(cr) + 2 H2O ⇌ Sn(OH)4 | –8.0 ± 0.2 | –8.06 ± 0.11 | |
SnO2(am) + 2 H2O ⇌ Sn(OH)4 | –7.3 ± 0.3 | –7.22 ± 0.08 | |
SnO2(s) + 4 H+ ⇌ Sn4+ + 2 H2O | –15.59 ± 0.04 |
Tungsten
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | NIST46[4] |
---|---|
WO42– + H+ ⇌ HWO4– | 3.6 |
WO42– + 2 H+ ⇌ H2WO4 | 5.8 |
6 WO42– + 7 H+ ⇌ HW6O215– + 3 H2O | 63.83 |
Titanium(III)
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Perrin et al., 1969[141] | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[142] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[143] |
---|---|---|---|
Ti3+ + H2O ⇌ TiOH2+ + H+ | –1.29 | –2.2 | –1.65 ± 0.11 |
2 Ti3+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Ti2(OH)24+ + 2 H+ | –3.6 | –2.64 ± 0.10 |
Titanium(IV)
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[142] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[143] |
---|---|---|
Ti(OH)22+ + H2O ⇌ Ti(OH)3+ + H+ | ⩽–2.3 | |
Ti(OH)22+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Ti(OH)4 + 2 H+ | –4.8 | |
TiO2+ + H2O ⇌ TiOOH+ + H+ | –2.48 ± 0.10 | |
TiO2+ + 2 H2O ⇌ TiO(OH)2 + 2 H+ | –5.49 ± 0.14 | |
TiO2+ + 3 H2O ⇌ TiO(OH)3– + 3 H+ | –17.4 ± 0.5 | |
TiO(OH)2 + H2O ⇌ TiO(OH)3– + H+ | –11.9 ±0.5 | |
TiO2(c) +2 H2O ⇌ Ti(OH)4 | ~ –4.8 | |
TiO2(s) + H+ ⇌ TiOOH+ | –6.06 ± 0.30 | |
TiO2(s) + H2O ⇌ TiO(OH)2 | –9.02 ± 0.02 | |
TiO2 x H2O ⇌ Ti(OH)22+[OH–] | ||
TiO2(s) + 4 H+ ⇌ Ti4+ + 2 H2O | –3.56 ± 0.10 |
Uranium(IV)
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer,
1976[144] |
Thoenen et
al., 2014[145] |
Brown and Ekberg,
2016[146] |
Grenthe et al.,
2020[6] |
---|---|---|---|---|
U4+ + H2O ⇌ UOH3+ + H+ | –0.65 | – 0.54 ± 0.06 | –0.58 ± 0.08 | – 0.54 ± 0.06 |
U4+ + 2 H2O ⇌ U(OH)22+ + 2 H+ | (–2.6) | –1.1 ± 1.0 | –1.4 ± 0.2 | –1.9 ± 0.2 |
U4+ + 3 H2O ⇌ U(OH)3+ + 3 H+ | (–5.8) | –4.7 ± 1.0 | –5.1 ± 0.3 | –5.2 ± 0.4 |
U4+ + 4 H2O ⇌ U(OH)4 + 4 H+ | (–10.3) | –10.0 ± 1.4 | –10.4 ± 0.5 | –10.0 ± 1.4 |
U4+ + 5 H2O ⇌ U(OH)5- + 5 H+ | –16.0 | |||
UO2(am, hyd) + 4 H+ ⇌ U4+ + 2 H2O | 1.5 ± 1.0 | |||
UO2(am,hyd) + 2 H2O ⇌ U4+ + 4 OH– | –54.500 ± 1.000 | –54.500 ± 1.000 | ||
UO2(c) + 4 H+ ⇌ U4+ + 2 H2O | –1.8 | |||
UO2(c) + 2 H2O ⇌ U4+ + 4 OH– | –60.860 ± 1.000 |
Uranium(VI)
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer,
1976[147] |
Grenthe et
al., 1992[148] |
NIST46[4] | Brown and Ekberg,
2016[149] |
Grenthe et al.,
2020[6] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
UO22+ + H2O ⇌ UO2(OH)+ + H+ | –5.8 | –5.2 ± 0.3 | –5.9 ± 0.1 | –5.13 ± 0.04 | –5.25 ± 0.24 |
UO22+ + 2 H2O ⇌ UO2(OH)2 + 2 H+ | ≤-10.3 | –12.15 ± 0.20 | –12.15 ± 0.07 | ||
UO22+ + 3 H2O ⇌ UO2(OH)3– + 3 H+ | –19.2 ± 0.4 | –20.25 ± 0.42 | –20.25 ± 0.42 | ||
UO22+ + 4 H2O ⇌ UO2(OH)42– + 4 H+ | –33 ± 2 | –32.40 ± 0.68 | –32.40 ± 0.68 | ||
2 UO22+ + 2 H2O ⇌ (UO2)2(OH)22+ + 2 H+ | –5.62 | –5.62 ± 0.04 | –5.58 ± 0.04 | –5.68 ± 0.05 | –5.62 ± 0.08 |
3 UO22+ + 5 H2O ⇌ (UO2)3(OH)5+ + 5 H+ | –15.63 | –15.55 ± 0.12 | –15.6 | –15.75 ± 0.12 | –15.55 ± 0.12 |
3 UO22+ + 4 H2O ⇌ (UO2)3(OH)42+ + 4 H+ | (–11.75) | –11.9 ± 0.3 | –11.78 ± 0.05 | –11.9 ± 0.3 | |
3 UO22+ + 7 H2O ⇌ (UO2)3(OH)7– + 7 H+ | –31 ± 2.0 | –32.2 ± 0.8 | –32.2 ± 0.8 | ||
4 UO22+ + 7 H2O ⇌ (UO2)4(OH)7+ + 7 H+ | –21.9 ± 1.0 | –22.1 ± 0.2 | –21.9 ± 1.0 | ||
2 UO22+ + H2O ⇌ (UO2)2(OH)3+ + H+ | –2.7 ± 1.0 | –2.7 ± 1.0 | |||
UO2(OH)2(s) + 2H+ ⇌ UO22+ + 2 H2O | 5.6 | 6.0 | 4.81 ± 0.20 | ||
UO3·2H2O(cr) + 2H+ ⇌ UO22+ + 3 H2O | 5.350 ± 0.130 |
Vanadium(IV)
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[79] |
---|---|
VO2+ + H2O ⇌ VO(OH)+ + H+ | –5.30 ± 0.13 |
2 VO2+ + 2 H2O ⇌ (VO)2(OH)22+ + 2 H+ | –6.71 ± 0.10 |
Vanadium(V)
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[150] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[151] |
---|---|---|
VO2+ + 2 H2O ⇌ VO(OH)3 + H+ | –3.3 | |
VO2+ + 2 H2O ⇌ VO2(OH)2– + 2 H+ | –7.3 | –7.18 ± 0.12 |
10 VO2+ + 8 H2O ⇌ V10O26(OH)24– + 14 H+ | –10.7 | |
VO2(OH)2– ⇌ VO3(OH)2– + H+ | –8.55 | |
2 VO2(OH)2– ⇌ V2O6(OH)23– + H+ + H2O | –6.53 | |
VO3(OH)2– ⇌ VO43– + H+ | –14.26 | |
2 VO3(OH)2– ⇌ V2O74– + H2O | 0.56 | |
3 VO3(OH)2– + 3 H+⇌ V3O93– + 3 H2O | 31.81 | |
V10O26(OH)24– ⇌ V10O27(OH)5– + 3 H+ | –3.6 | |
V10O27(OH)5– ⇌ V10O286– + H+ | –6.15 | |
VO2+ + H2O ⇌ VO2OH + H+ | –3.25 ± 0.1 | |
VO2+ + 3 H2O ⇌ VO2(OH)32- + 3 H+ | –15.74 ± 0.19 | |
VO2+ + 4 H2O ⇌ VO2(OH)43- + 4 H+ | –30.03 ± 0.24 | |
2 VO2+ + 4 H2O ⇌ (VO2)2(OH)42- + 4 H+ | –11.66 ± 0.53 | |
2 VO2+ + 5 H2O ⇌ (VO2)2(OH)53- + 5 H+ | –20.91 ± 0.22 | |
2 VO2+ + 6 H2O ⇌ (VO2)2(OH)64- + 6 H+ | –32.43 ± 0.30 | |
4 VO2+ + 8 H2O ⇌ (VO2)4(OH)84- + 8 H+ | –20.78 ± 0.33 | |
4 VO2+ + 9 H2O ⇌ (VO2)4(OH)95- + 9 H+ | –31.85 ± 0.26 | |
4 VO2+ + 10 H2O ⇌ (VO2)4(OH)106- + 10 H+ | –45.85 ± 0.26 | |
5 VO2+ + 10 H2O ⇌ (VO2)5(OH)105- + 10 H+ | –27.02 ± 0.34 | |
10 VO2+ + 14 H2O ⇌ (VO2)10(OH)144- + 14 H+ | –10.5 ± 0.3 | |
10 VO2+ + 15 H2O ⇌ (VO2)10(OH)155- + 15 H+ | –15.73 ± 0.33 | |
10 VO2+ + 16 H2O ⇌ (VO2)10(OH)166- + 16 H+ | –23.90 ± 0.35 | |
1/2 V2O5(c) + H+ ⇌ VO2+ + 1/2 H2O | –0.66 | |
V2O5(s) + 2 H+ ⇌ 2 VO2+ + H2O | –0.64 ± 0.09 |
Ytterbium
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[28] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[152] |
---|---|---|
Yb3+ + H2O ⇌ YbOH2+ + H+ | −7.7 | −7.31 ± 0.18 |
Yb3+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Yb(OH)2+ + 2 H+ | (−15.8) | |
Yb3+ + 3 H2O ⇌ Yb(OH)3 + 3 H+ | (−24.1) | |
Yb3+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Yb(OH)4− + 4 H+ | −32.7 | |
2 Yb3+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Yb2(OH)24+ + 2 H+ | −13.76 ± 0.20 | |
3 Yb3+ + 5 H2O ⇌ Yb3(OH)54+ + 5 H+ | −30.6 ± 0.3 | |
Yb(OH)3(s) + 3 H+ ⇌ Yb3+ + 3 H2O | 14.7 | 15.35 ± 0.20 |
Yttrium
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[46] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[66] |
---|---|---|
Y3+ + H2O ⇌ YOH2+ + H+ | –7.7 | –7.77 ± 0.06 |
Y3+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Y(OH)2+ + 2 H+ | (–16.4) [Estimation] | |
Y3+ + 3 H2O ⇌ Y(OH)3 + 3 H+ | (–26.0) [Estimation] | |
Y3+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Y(OH)4-+ 4 H+ | –36.5 | |
2 Y3+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Y2(OH)24+ + 2 H+ | –14.23 | –14.1 ± 0.2 |
3 Y3+ + 5 H2O ⇌ Y3(OH)54+ + 5 H+ | –31.6 | –32.7 ± 0.3 |
Y(OH)3(s) + 3 H+ ⇌ Y3+ + 3 H2O | 17.5 | 17.32 ± 0.30 |
Zinc
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[153] | Powell and Brown, 2013[154] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[155] |
---|---|---|---|
Zn2+ + H2O ⇌ ZnOH+ + H+ | −8.96 | −8.96 ± 0.05 | −8.94 ± 0.06 |
Zn2+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Zn(OH)2 + 2 H+ | −16.9 | –17.82 ± 0.08 | −17.89 ± 0.15 |
Zn2+ + 3 H2O ⇌ Zn(OH)3- + 3 H+ | −28.4 | –28.05 ± 0.05 | −27.98 ± 0.10 |
Zn2+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Zn(OH)42- + 4 H+ | −41.2 | –40.41 ± 0.12 | −40.35 ± 0.22 |
2 Zn2+ + H2O ⇌ Zn2OH3+ + H+ | −9.0 | –7.9 ± 0.2 | −7.89 ± 0.31 |
2 Zn2+ + 6 H2O ⇌ Zn2(OH)62- + 6 H+ | −57.8 | ||
ZnO(s) + 2 H+ ⇌ Zn2+ + H2O | 11.14 | 11.12 ± 0.05 | 11.11 ± 0.10 |
ε-Zn(OH)2(s) + 2 H+ ⇌ Zn2+ + 2 H2O | 11.38 ± 0.20 | 11.38± 0.20 | |
β1-Zn(OH)2(s) + 2 H+ ⇌ Zn2+ + 2 H2O | 11.72 ± 0.04 | ||
β2-Zn(OH)2(s) + 2 H+ ⇌ Zn2+ + 2 H2O | 11.76 ± 0.04 | ||
γ-Zn(OH)2(s) + 2 H+ ⇌ Zn2+ + 2 H2O | 11.70 ± 0.04 | ||
δ-Zn(OH)2(s) + 2 H+ ⇌ Zn2+ + 2 H2O | 11.81 ± 0.04 |
Zirconium
editHydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[55] | Thoenen et al., 2014[96] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[156] |
---|---|---|---|
Zr4+ + H2O ⇌ ZrOH3+ + H+ | 0.32 | 0.32 ± 0.22 | 0.12 ± 0.12 |
Zr4+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Zr(OH)22+ + 2 H+ | (−1.7)* | 0.98 ± 1.06* | −0.18 ± 0.17* |
Zr4+ + 3 H2O ⇌ Zr(OH)3+ + 3 H+ | (−5.1) | ||
Zr4+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Zr(OH)4 + 4 H+ | –9.7* | –2.19 ± 0.70* | −4.53 ± 0.37* |
Zr4+ + 5 H2O ⇌ Zr(OH)5– + 5 H+ | –16.0 | ||
Zr4+ + 6 H2O ⇌ Zr(OH)62– + 6 H+ | –29± 0.70 | –30.5 ± 0.3 | |
3 Zr4+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Zr3(OH)48+ + 4 H+ | –0.6 | 0.4 ± 0.3 | 0.90 ± 0.18 |
3 Zr4+ + 5 H2O ⇌ Zr3(OH)57+ + 5 H+ | 3.70 | ||
3 Zr4+ + 9 H2O ⇌ Zr3(OH)93+ + 9 H+ | 12.19 ± 0.20 | 12.19 ± 0.20 | |
4 Zr4+ + 8 H2O ⇌ Zr4(OH)88+ + 8 H+ | 6.0 | 6.52 ± 0.05 | 6.52 ± 0.05 |
4 Zr4+ + 15 H2O ⇌ Zr4(OH)15+ + 15 H+ | 12.58± 0.24 | ||
4 Zr4+ + 16 H2O ⇌ Zr4(OH)16 + 16 H+ | 8.39± 0.80 | ||
ZrO2(s) + 4 H+ ⇌ Zr4+ + 2 H2O | –1.9* | –5.37 ± 0.42* | |
ZrO2(s, baddeleyite) + 4 H+ ⇌ Zr4+ + 2 H2O | –7 ± 1.6 | ||
ZrO2(am) + 4 H+ ⇌ Zr4+ + 2 H2O | –3.24± 0.10 | –2.97 ± 0.18 |
*Errors in compilations concerning equilibrium and/or data elaboration. Data not recommended. It is strongly suggested to refer to the original papers.
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