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Battle of 42nd Street

35°28′55″N 24°03′21″E / 35.4819°N 24.0559°E / 35.4819; 24.0559

Battle of 42nd Street
Part of World War II, Battle of Crete

Forty-Second street sign.
Date27 May 1941
Location
South-east of Chania, Crete
Result Allied victory; German advance halted
Belligerents
Australia
New Zealand		 Nazi Germany Germany
Casualties and losses
52 killed or wounded 280 killed, 3 captured

The Battle of 42nd Street (27 May 1941) was fought during World War II on the Greek island of Crete. On 20 May, Nazi Germany launched an airborne invasion of Crete. A week later, after the British and Commonwealth forces defending the island had been forced to withdraw towards Chania, a force of several understrength Australian and New Zealand infantry battalions established a defensive line along the Hania to Tsikalaria road (Tsikalarion) south-east of Chania, forming a rearguard for the withdrawing troops. On 27 May, as a German battalion advanced towards the road, the Anzac defenders carried out a bayonet charge that inflicted heavy casualties on the German attackers, which forced them to withdraw and briefly halted the German advance.

Background

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Further information: Crete order of battle

Chania, a town on the north coast of Crete, was important to the military defence of Crete. Earlier British and Commonwealth forces had been defeated in Greece by the Germans and had retreated to Crete in late April 1941. While there were between 27,000 and 28,000 troops on Crete to defend it – under the command of New Zealander Major General Bernard Freyberg[1] – most were only lightly armed because the heavier equipment had been left in Greece during the evacuation.[2] Although the Germans were able to dominate the skies due to their superior airpower, the British Royal Navy had control of the sea. The German plan – codenamed Unternehmen Merkur (Operation Mercury) – was to use paratroopers and gliders to send forces down by air, and on 20/21 May the first landings began,[3] concentrated around four points: Maleme, Chania, Retimo and Heraklion.[4]

Battle

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During the initial stages of the fighting on Crete, the Australians defending Heraklion managed to defeat the attack there and blunt the attack at Retimo, holding it for more than a week; however, at Maleme the Germans managed to wrest control of a vital airfield, and as a result began flying in reinforcements of airborne and mountain troops. As the Germans began moving inland to outflank the defenders' positions, the Australian, New Zealand and British forces were forced back towards Chania,[5] which came under heavy air attack by German bombers.[6] By 27 May, the weakened Australian 2/7th and 2/8th Battalions, supported by the New Zealand 21st, 28th, 19th, 22nd and 23rd Battalions, had taken up positions along 42nd Street,[7] south-east of Chania where they formed a rearguard to protect the rest of the Commonwealth forces that were being pushed south. The Anzac units were manned at less than 50 percent of their normal strength, having suffered heavy casualties earlier in the fighting.[4]

The unsealed road ran from Chania to Tsikalaria lined with olive trees running south from the main coastal road from Chania to Souda Bay. The road was lower than the surrounding land and had a raised embankment on its western side that provided cover for defending troops and formed a natural defensive line. The road was nicknamed after the 42nd Field Company of the Royal Engineers, who had previously been camped there; but was known locally as Tsikalarion Road.[8][9]

The 1st Battalion of the 141st Gebirgsjager Regiment were seen approaching 42nd Street.[8] Advancing along the Souda road, they were estimated by the Australian and New Zealand defenders as numbering about 400 men, and were attempting to raid an abandoned supply depot under the cover of mortar and machine-gun fire.[10][11] In response, two companies of the Australian 2/7th Battalion – 'C' and 'D' Companies – charged the Germans, on their flank attacking with bayonets and small arms, and heavy close quarters fighting ensued. The New Zealand 28th (Maori) Battalion also joined in the charge, followed by the other battalions, and supported by machine guns of the 2/1st Machine Gun Battalion.[12] The charge resulted in the Germans retreating over 1,500 metres (1,600 yd).[8] Over 280 Germans were killed and three taken prisoner; 10 Australians from the 2/7th were killed and 28 wounded, while the Maori Battalion suffered a further 14 casualties.[12]

Aftermath

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The action halted the German 5th Alpine Division for the remainder of the day.[4] That afternoon though, German forces were seen moving to the south-west on the flanks of the mountains trying to encircle the Anzacs. The Anzac troops withdrew joining the columns retreating south.[4][8] A short time later, the British high command authorised the evacuation of Crete, ordering a withdrawal across the White Mountains to Sfakia in the south where the troops could be taken off the island by the Royal Navy.[13][14] The 2/7th subsequently took part in further rearguard actions and although it was planned to evacuate it as the last Allied unit to be withdrawn,[15] when the evacuation of Commonwealth troops ceased on 1 June due to heavy losses at sea,[16] the majority of the battalion was captured, having helped to delay the German advance long enough to allow 12,000 troops to be withdrawn.[8] The battalion was later rebuilt from the small cadre that managed to avoid capture, and later fought in the Pacific against the Japanese.[17] Later, the Germans moved to bring war crime charges due to the ferocity of the fighting,121 men from 1st Battalion 141st Gebirgsjager Regiment were found dead, bayoneted and clubbed to death by the AIF and Maoris, while the 20 Commonwealth dead left behind on the battlefield had no bayonet wounds, only 3 (wounded) Germans were taken prisoner,the Germans assumed the allies took no prisoners of war. [18] claiming that the Australians and New Zealanders had killed men who were attempting to surrender, but the claim has since been refuted.[19]

References

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Citations
  1. ^ Moorehead 2009, p. 152.
  2. ^ Bassett, James A. (1948). "Past Airborne Employment". Military Affairs. 12 (4 (Winter)): 214. doi:10.2307/1983420. ISSN 2325-6990. JSTOR 1983420.
  3. ^ Coulthard-Clark 1998, p. 189.
  4. ^ a b c d "Battle of 42nd Street". Australian War Memorial. Archived from the original on 30 April 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
  5. ^ Coulthard-Clark 1998, pp. 189–190.
  6. ^ Moorehead 2009, pp. 164–165.
  7. ^ Bell, A.T.J. (1991). "The Battle for Crete – The Tragic Truth" (PDF). Australian Defence Force Journal (88, May–June): 15–18. ISSN 1444-7150. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
  8. ^ a b c d e Power, Graham. "Anzacs at 42nd Street: A Book by Graham Power". Archived from the original on 16 May 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
  9. ^ Thompson 2010, p. 354.
  10. ^ Thompson 2010, p. 355.
  11. ^ Long 1953, p. 251.
  12. ^ a b Thompson 2010, p. 357.
  13. ^ Thompson 2010, p. 358.
  14. ^ Moorehead 2009, p. 166.
  15. ^ Clark 2000, pp. 170–172.
  16. ^ Moorehead 2009, pp. 166–167.
  17. ^ "2/7th Battalion". Second World War, 1939–1945 units. Australian War Memorial. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
  18. ^ "The Battle of 42nd Street, Crete, and Captain Reg Saunders". Saturday Extra, Presented by Geraldine Doogue. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 28 May 2011. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
  19. ^ Stanley, Peter. "42nd Street". Crete and El Alamein: IWM/AWM Study Tour 2002. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
Bibliography
  • Clark, Alan (2000) [1962]. The Fall of Crete. London: Cassell. ISBN 0-304-35226-8.
  • Coulthard-Clark, Chris (1998). The Encyclopaedia of Australia's Battles (1st ed.). St Leonards, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-1-86448-611-7.
  • Long, Gavin (1953). Greece, Crete and Syria. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 1 – Army, Volume II (1st ed.). Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Australian War Memorial. OCLC 3134080.
  • Moorehead, Alan (2009) [1944]. The Desert War: The North Africa Campaign 1940–43. Camberwell, Victoria: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-301197-2.
  • Thompson, Peter (2010). Anzac Fury: The Bloody Battle of Crete 1941. North Sydney, New South Wales: Random House Australia. ISBN 978-1-86471-131-8.

Further reading

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  • Monteath, Peter (2019). Battle on 42nd Street. Sydney, New South Wales: NewSouth. ISBN 978-1-74223-603-2.

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