The Battle of Blackstock's Farm, a military engagement of the American Revolutionary War, took place in what today is Union County, South Carolina, a few miles from Cross Anchor, on November 20, 1780.
| Battle of Blackstock's Farm (also called Blackstock's Plantation, Blackstock's Hill, and Blackstocks) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the American Revolutionary War | |||||||
 Blackstock Battle Memorial | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Patriot militia | |||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
 Banastre Tarleton |
Thomas Sumter + | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 270 regulars and militia | 1,000 militia | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 51–167 killed and wounded[1][2] |
3 killed 4 wounded 50 captured[3] | ||||||
Battle of Blackstock's Historic Site | |
| Location | West of Union off South Carolina Highway 49, near Union, South Carolina |
|---|---|
| Area | 540 acres (220 ha) |
| Built | 1780 |
| NRHP reference No. | 74001885[4] |
| Added to NRHP | December 16, 1974 |
The battle marked the first time during the war that an American militia had defeated British regulars.[5]
Background
editAfter the defeat of Major Patrick Ferguson and the destruction or capture of his entire military force of 900 men at the Battle of Kings Mountain the previous month, the sparsely settled Carolina Backcountry had come increasingly under the control of the Patriots.[6][7]
Lieutenant General Charles Cornwallis, British commander in the Southern theater, ordered his subordinate Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton to abandon his chase of the guerrilla commander Brigadier General Francis Marion and instead disrupt the activities of Patriot militia Brigadier General Thomas Sumter, thereby returning confidence to Backcountry Tories.[8] Meanwhile, Sumter had been gathering partisan volunteers and now had a thousand men under his command.[9][10]
Preliminaries
editOn November 18, Tarleton's British Legion dragoons and the mounted infantry of the 63d Regiment were bathing and watering their horses on the Broad River when some of Sumter's raiders fired at them from the opposite bank. The British brought up a 3-pounder "grasshopper" field gun and easily scattered the partisans.[9] But Tarleton "did not submit easily to insults."[11] Putting his men across the river in flat boats that night, he pressed Sumter hard the next day.[11] Fortunately for Sumter, a deserter from the 63d Regiment revealed Tarleton's plans and location.[12]
Although Sumter now had a thousand Backcountry militiamen, Tarleton had more than five hundred regulars under his command, including three hundred British regulars. And Tarleton had never yet been defeated.[13] Sumter and his colonels decided the best course was to find a strong defensive position and wait for Tarleton to attack them. Colonel Thomas Brandon, who knew the area, suggested the nearby farm of William Blackstock, a homestead on the hills above the Tyger River.[12][14] The land had been cleared, providing fields of fire and room for maneuver, and the outbuildings—solid log structures made of hardwood—were not chinked and thus provided "narrow but convenient openings for men firing from behind cover."[15] Tarleton’s troops would have to advance in the open over fences and a creek to engage Sumter’s defensive positions.[16]
Battle
edit“General, I won’t have any fighting around my house.” — Mrs. Mary Blackstone to rebel commander Thomas Sumter, as his militia occupied her property.[17]
Sumter placed Colonel Henry Hampton and his South Carolina riflemen in the farm outbuildings. Some units he stationed behind stout fences and others he screened in the surrounding woods.[13] Tarleton came up late in the fall afternoon and chose to make a frontal attack against a numerically superior force, not waiting for his infantry and artillery to catch up.[18] At first he was successful. The Patriot militia fired at too great a distance, and before they could reload Major John Money, commanding the 63d Regiment, hit them with the bayonet.[19] Nevertheless, in doing so, the 63d advanced too close to the farm buildings and came under fire from Hampton's men inside. Money and two of his lieutenants were killed, and perhaps a third of the privates as well. Meanwhile, other partisans worked their way around their right flank and attacked Tarleton's dragoons who were in their saddles but only watching the action.[20]
Realizing that the battle was going against him, Tarleton desperately ordered an uphill cavalry charge against riflemen firing from cover. As Henry Lumpkin has written, "caution never was Tarleton's outstanding virtue." So many dragoons were knocked from their horses that "the road to the ford was blocked by the bodies of men and fallen chargers, the wounded, still targets, struggling back over their stricken comrades and kicking, screaming horses."[19] Still, the British forces fell back in good order.[21][22]
When Sumter, as "reckless as Tarleton", moved into position to watch the British withdrawal, members of the 63d fired a volley at him and his officers. Sumter was severely wounded and had to relinquish command to his most senior colonel, John Twiggs.[23]
Tarleton retreated two miles to await his reinforcements for another attack the next morning. But Twiggs left camp fires burning and disappeared into the night. The next morning Tarleton's troops buried the dead of both sides, vastly disproportionate. Tarleton claimed that 51 of his men were killed or wounded.[1] A contemporary American account claimed higher numbers for the British casualties: 92 killed and 75-100 wounded.[2] American casualties were 3 killed, 4 wounded, and 50 captured.[3][24]
Aftermath
editTarleton lied in his battle report to Cornwallis that he had broken and dispersed the Americans. Of course, he made much of Sumter's wounding. He even told Cornwallis that three of his soldiers had "promised to fix Sumter immediately," for which he had promised them fifty guineas apiece.[21]
In fact, Tarleton, one of the most hated and feared commanders in the backcountry, had been beaten for the first time, and his British regulars had been bested by militia — although from behind cover and not in the open field. Even the wounding of the prickly Sumter proved to be an advantage to the Patriots because it allowed George Washington to appoint Nathanael Greene to command the Southern department.[25]
The Battle of Blackstock's Historic Site was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.[4]
Notes
edit- ^ a b Tarleton, The Campaigns of 1780 and 1781, Chapter 3 Archived January 29, 2009, at the Wayback Machine Tarleton gave the following totals: 63d Regiment, 3 officers and 30 enlisted men killed or wounded; the British Legion, 2 officers and 15 enlisted men; plus one staff officer killed—a total of 51 casualties.
- ^ a b Lumpkin, 114; Buchanan, 257.
- ^ a b O'Kelley, 366.
- ^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
- ^ Crawford, 2024 p. 162: “For the first time, American militia had defeated British regulars…”
- ^ Henry Lumpkin, From Savannah to Yorktown: The American Revolution in the South (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1981), 106.
- ^ Crawford, 2024 p. 148: General George Washington: The victory at King’s Mountain “will in all probability have a very happy influence upon the successive operations in that quarter.” See Notes, p. 334 for page 148.
- ^ John Buchanan, The Road to Guilford Courthouse: The American Revolution in the Carolinas (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1997), 251; Robert D. Bass, Ninety Six,: The Struggle for the South Carolina Back Country (Lexington, South Carolina: Sandlapper, 1978), 290. On the day of the Blackstock battle, Cornwallis wrote, "If Tarleton only drives Sumter back in a hurry, I hope it will give our friends more spirit."
- ^ a b Lumpkin, 109.
- ^ Crawford, 2024 p. 160: While Tarleton’s smaller force, including loyalists, were experienced regulars, Sumter men were militia, many newly enlisted.
- ^ a b Bass, 286.
- ^ a b Lumpkin, 110.
- ^ a b Buchanan, 253.
- ^ Crawford, 2024 p. 160: “On November 20 [Sumter] decided to make a stand at Blackstock’s plantation…a few miles from present-day Cross Anchor, South Carolina.”
- ^ Buchanan, 253. Supposedly Mary Blackstock told Sumter that she would not tolerate any fighting on her property.
- ^ Crawford, 2024 p. 160: Hardwood=”oak.” And: See here for details on defensive advantages at Blackstone’s property.
- ^ Crawford, 2024 p. 160: See footnote on p. 336, from Robert D. Bass's biography on Sumter, Gamecock (2001)
- ^ Buchanan, 254; Lumpkin, 112.
- ^ a b Lumpkin, 112.
- ^ Buchanan, 255; Lumpkin, 112.
- ^ a b Buchanan, 256.
- ^ Crawford, 2024 p. 161: Tarleton’s disastrous charge was reported by eyewitness militiaman Colonel William Hill: British “men and horse fell so fast that the way was nearly stopt (sic) up.” And Crawford: “...serious damage had been done.”
- ^ Lumpkin, 113-14.
- ^ Crawford, 2024 p. 162: “Sumter lost about eight men of the one thousand that fought that day; three were killed and at least two wounded.”
- ^ Buchanan, 259-60; Lumpkin, 115.
Sources
edit- Crawford, Alan Pell. 2024. This Fierce People: The Untold Story of America’s Revolutionary War in the South. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. ISBN 978-0-593-31850-8
- O'Kelley, Patrick (2004). Nothing but Blood and Slaughter: The Revolutionary War in the Carolinas. Volume Two: 1780. Blue House Tavern Press. ISBN 1-59113-588-5.
- Tarleton, Banastre (2003) [1787]. "The Campaigns of 1780 and 1781". www.banastretarleton.org. Archived from the original on 2009-01-29. Retrieved 2010-02-06.