32°33′58.0″N 43°29′25.4″E / 32.566111°N 43.490389°E
| Battle of Ayn al-Tamr | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Muslim conquest of Persia and Campaigns of Khalid ibn al-Walid | |||||||
 Al-Razzaza Lake in Ain Al-Tamr | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
| Rashidun Caliphate |
Sasanian Empire[1] Arab Christians[2] | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Khalid ibn al-Walid |
Mihran Bahram-i Chubin (MIA) Aqqa ibn Qays ibn Bashir (POW), later executed  | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 500–800[Notes 1][6] | Unknown number, although it consisted of a "great" following of Arab Christian tribes and Sassanian "mobile troops". At least tens of thousand[3] | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| Unknown |
Entire field army executed Persian garrison defenders of the town slaughtered[4] | ||||||
The Battle of Ayn al-Tamr (Arabic: معركة عين التمر) took place in modern-day Iraq (Mesopotamia) between the early Muslim Arab forces and the Sassanians along with their Arab Christian auxiliary forces. Ayn al-Tamr is located west of Anbar and was a frontier post which had been established to aid the Sassanids.[7]
The Muslims under Khalid ibn al-Walid's command soundly defeated the Sassanian auxiliary force, which included large numbers of non-Muslim Arabs who broke earlier covenants with the Muslims.[8] According to William Muir, Khalid ibn al-Walid captured the Arab Christian commander, Aqqa ibn Qays ibn Bashir, with his own hands,[9] which matched the accounts of both Ibn Atheer in his Usd al-ghabah fi marifat al-Saḥabah, and Tabari in his Tarikh.[3][4]
Battle preparation
editBefore the battle, Khalid ibn al-Walid placing his cavalry in both flanks, while he himself commanded the centre, surrounded by commando forces which surrounding him.[4][3] Khalid plan the flanks of the Muslim army to start skirmishes without launching a major attack to distract the flanks of the Arab Christian army, while the centre remained passive until Khaled gave his signal to launch the attack.[Notes 2]
While the coalition army are formed in the front of Ayn al-Tamr castle. Aqqa' were assigned to face Khalid with his soldiers while he is positioned in the centre. Meanwhile, Mihran Bahram-i Chubin and his Persian troops are waiting in the fortress[Notes 3].
Battle
editThe battle started immediately according to plan of Khalid, as the two cavalry force in the flank immediately moved and engaged the Sasanid coalition flanks, while Khalid himself and the centre of the army stayed behind.[4][3] This caused 'Aqqah surprised by the inactivity of the Muslim centre and decided to ignore Khalid while focusing on the flanks battle.[4][3]
As the Arab Christian forces were occupied by Muslim flanks, Suddenly, Khalid and his small bodyguards unis covering him in the centre galloped their horses swiftly towards Aqqa' position and caught the tens of thousand Arab Christian soldiers in surprise as they cannot react.[3] Khalid and his forces immediately reached Aqqa' and engaged him in duel. Ibn Athir recorded that Khalid "captured Aqqa' and carried him in his hands like small child", and returned with his guard soldiers to the Muslim camp.[3][Notes 4]
The entire Arab Christian forces shocked as they now realized their commander captured alive and paraded around, causing them to stopped fighting and immediately surrender entirely to the Muslim force[3][Notes 5]
Aftermath
editThe Muslim armies marched to the town garrison while parading their prisoners and lining them up in the front of defenders of the garrison and threaten to execute them if they did not surrender and open the gates.[5] The garrison defenders instead rejected the threat and fight behind the wall, which caused Khalid to immediately commanded all prisoners to be executed immediately, including Aqqa'[4]
Then Khalid instructed the entire forces to storm the city of Ayn al-Tamr and slaughter the Persian inside the garrison after they breached[5]
After the city has been subdued, some Persians had hoped that the Muslim commander, Khalid ibn al-Walid, would be "like those Arabs who would raid [and withdraw].".[4] However, Khalid continued to press further against the Persians and their allies in the subsequent Battle of Dawmat al-Jandal, while he leave two of his deputy, Al-Qa'qa' ibn Amr al-Tamimi and Abu Layla, to lead a separate forces in order to intercept another Persian-Arab Christians enemy coming from east, which led to the Battle of Husayd[5]
When the Muslim army conquered the town of Ayn al-Tamr they found 40 Arab Christian choirboys within a monastery.[5] All of those 40 children were brought by the Muslim troops to Medina.[5]
Most of these choirboys are known as the ancestors of important figures of Islam in the later era, including:
- Nusair, the father of Musa bin Nusayr, the supreme commander of the forces which later conquered Spain under the leadership of Tariq bin Ziyad, the second in command for Musa bin Nusayr.
- Sirin, the other convert, was the father of the scholar Ibn Sirin who became one of the more celebrated Muslim theologians.
- Yassar, the grandfather of famous Abbasid historian Ibn Ishaq
- Abu Amrah, the grandfather Abdallah ibn Abu Amrah, a famous poet of later era.[5]
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Phillip Khuri Hitti mentioned from Baladhuri records from two sources, the first give estimation number between 500 and 600 men, while the second source gave stable report of 800 men[6]
- ^ The strategy which Khalid planned before the battle has been explained in such details by Blankinship quotation of Tabari[4]
- ^ Khalid Yahya Blankinship notes Tabari named the persian commander Mihran bin Bahram Chobin, which Blankinship translate it roughly as Mihran son of Chobin[4]
- ^ William Muir and Khalid Yahya Blankinship both mentioned the capture of Aqqa' which personally done by Khalid ibn Walid which similar to Tabari narration. Muir mentioned Khalid caught Aqqa' by his own hands, while Blankinship notes the duel before Aqqa' capture, which he translate it straight from book of Tabari.[9][4] The capture of Aqqa by Khalid also cited by Ibn Kathir in his book, Al-Bidaya wa'l-Nihaya[10]
- ^ The battle sequences mostly derived from Blankinship version of History of Tabari[4]
References
edit- ^ Annals of the Early Caliphate by William Muir pg. 85
- ^ Iraq After the Muslim Conquest by Michael G. Morony, pg 224
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Ibn Atheer.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Tabari 1993, p. 53-54.
- ^ a b c d e f g Tabari 1993, p. 55.
- ^ a b Baladhuri 2011, p. 169.
- ^ The Caliph's Last Heritage: A Short History of the Turkish Empire by Mark Sykes
- ^ The Book of Revenue: Kitab Al-Amwal by Abu 'Ubayd Al-Qasim Ibn Sallam, pg 194
- ^ a b Muir 1883, p. 62.
- ^ Ibn Kathir 2002, p. 131-132.
Bibliography
edit- A.I. Akram, The Sword of Allah: Khalid bin al-Waleed, His Life and Campaigns, Nat. Publishing. House, Rawalpindi (1970) ISBN 0-7101-0104-X.
- Baladhuri, Ahmad Bin Yahya Bin Jabir (2011). The Origins of the Islamic State Being a Translation from the Arabic Accompanied With Annotations, Geographic and Historic Notes of the Kitab Futuh Al-buldan (Phillip Kuri Hitti ed.). Cosimo, Incorporated. p. 169. ISBN 9781616405342. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
- Ibn Atheer, Ali. "Usd al-ghabah fi marifat al-Saḥabah". Wikisource. Wikipedia. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
- Ibn Kathir, Abu al-Fiḍā ‘Imād Ad-Din Ismā‘īl ibn ‘Umar (2002). Al-bidayah wan nihayah masa Khulafa'ur Rasyidin(The Beginning to the End: era of Rashidun caliphate) (Abu Ihsan al-Atsari Indonesian ed.). Darul Haq. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
- Muir, William (1883). Annals of the Early Caliphate From Original Sources. Smith, Elder & Company. p. 85. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
- Sallam, Abu Ubayd (2003). The Book of Revenue. Garnet Publishing, Limited. p. 194. ISBN 9781859641590. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
- Tabari, Muhammad Ibn Jarir (1993). The challenge to the empires (Khalid Yahya Blankinship ed.). State University of New York Press. pp. 53–54. ISBN 9780791408513. Retrieved 20 October 2021.