The 2001 uprising in Herat was a coordinated insurrection and uprising in the Afghan city of Herat as part of the United States war in Afghanistan. The city was captured on November 12 by Northern Alliance forces as well as Special Forces of the United States, the United Kingdom[1] and the Islamic Republic of Iran.[2][3]
| 2001 Battle of Herat | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) and the Afghan Civil War | |||||||
 | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan al-Qaeda |
 Northern Alliance United States Iran Hazara Militia | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
Mullah Omar Osama bin Laden |
Ismail Khan Mohammad Salimi Yahya Rahim Safavi Qasem Soleimani Syed Sulaiman Husaini Mohammad Mohaqiq Tommy Franks | ||||||
The combatants
editThe U.S. Special Operations teams consisted of U.S. Army Rangers and Delta Force under the command of CENTCOM General Tommy Franks. Iranian forces consisted of agents of the Quds Force under the command of Major General Yahya Rahim Safavi, commander of the IRGC, and Major General Qasem Soleimani, the commander of Iran's Quds Force.[3] The Northern Alliance faction consisted of over 5,000 militiamen under the command of Ismail Khan, a commander in the previous Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan and former governor of Herat before the Taliban came into power in 1995.[citation needed]
UK Special Forces for reasons of national security remained anonymous and did not reveal their formal command structure.[4]
The plan
editThe plan, organized by General Franks and General Safavi, was for Iranian Special Forces to discreetly enter the city and form an insurrection against the Taliban. This sudden event was to coincide with the entrance of Ismail Khan's band of Northern Alliance militia members into the city. Meanwhile, a team of U.S. Special Forces and CIA agents would oversee the operation in Tehran alongside Iranian military intelligence.[5]
The operation
editCombat operations began on October 7, 2001. Towards the end of the month, U.S. air strikes hit targets in and around Herat, including tanks, communications facilities, and tunnel complexes.[6] This also includes the Herat airport, where Russian-made fighters were destroyed.[citation needed]
On 11 November 2001, U.S. Special Forces Operational Detachment Alpha 554 ("Tiger 08") was inserted by helicopter near Herat.[7] As planned, Iranian commandos secretly entered Herat to begin the insurrection on November 12, which successfully gave way to what Ismail Khan claimed to be, the local uprising against the Taliban leaders. The Northern Alliance, Shi'ite Hazara factions, and a small group of U.S. Special Forces then entered the city.[5] Herati residents also took part in the uprising with sticks, knives, and guns hidden throughout the populace. The city fell as the Taliban fled towards the mountains along the Iranian border, leaving behind several abandoned tanks. Prisoners, including Chechen and Arab volunteers, were taken to undisclosed locations.[8]
Aftermath
editThe uprising was met with celebratory gunfire from residents. Iranian media even went as far as to report widespread celebration including 'dancing on the rooftops' and honking car horns.[9] Ismail Khan consolidated his power as Amir of western Afghanistan, reportedly accepting truck loads of money from Iran over the following month to secure loyalty of his forces.[10] Khan granted amnesty for former Taliban fighters, but warned of repercussions if said fighters were to take up arms once again.[8]
Khan remained governor of Herat until 2004, when he was dismissed by Afghan President Hamid Karzai. Khan's dismissal was met with violent protests.[11]
References
edit- ^ Steve Coll. Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001 (February 23, 2004 ed.). Penguin Press HC. p. 720.
- ^ Iran helped overthrow Taliban, candidate says, USA Today, 9 June 2005
- ^ a b Qassem Soleimani and Iran’s Unique Regional Strategy – Combating Terrorism Center at West Point. Ali Soufan. CTC Sentinel. November 2018, Vol. 11, Issue 10. Combating Terrorism Center – CTC at West Point. . Permanent link and archived version at archive.is. Retrieved and archived on Nov 19, 2018.
- ^ "SAS comes out fighting as details of top-secret missions are exposed". The Independent. 5 May 2010. Archived from the original on 2022-05-01.
- ^ a b Iranian Special Forces Reportedly Fight Alongside US in Battle for Herat, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, 16 November 2001
- ^ Herat, Globalsecurity.org,
- ^ Dick Camp, 'Boots on the Ground: The Fight to Liberate Afghanistan,' Zenith Imprint, January 2012, 209.
- ^ a b Ousting the Taliban from Herat relatively easy, Los Angeles Times, 15 November 2001
- ^ Northern Alliance Captures Herat, rediff.com,
- ^ Ismail Khan, Herat, and Iranian Influence Archived 2009-09-04 at the Wayback Machine, Naval Postgraduate School, 7 July 2004
- ^ US forces clash with protestors in W. Afghanistan Archived 2010-01-04 at the Wayback Machine, Asheville Global Report, 15 September 2004
External links
edit- http://www.economist.com/people/displayStory.cfm?Story_ID=842507 As Good As It Gets – Ismail Khan
- https://web.archive.org/web/20060908134338/http://www.number-10.gov.uk/output/Page1668.asp Prime Minister's Speech To Parliament in the War On Terror