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Third conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War

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Main article: Goryeo–Khitan Wars

The Third Goryeo–Khitan War (Chinese: 第三次高麗契丹戰爭; Korean: 제3차 고려-거란 전쟁) was an 11th-century conflict between the Goryeo dynasty of Korea and the Khitan-led Liao dynasty of China near what is now the border between China and North Korea. The Goryeo–Khitan Wars began in 993 with the first campaign and continued with the second campaign.

Third Goryeo–Khitan War
Part of Goryeo–Khitan Wars
Date1018–1019
Location
Northern Korean Peninsula
Result Goryeo victory[1][2][3][4][5]
Belligerents
Goryeo dynasty Liao Dynasty
Commanders and leaders
Kang Kam-ch'an
Kang Min-ch'ŏm		 Xiao Paiya
Strength
208,000[6] 100,000[6]
Casualties and losses
Unknown 90,000+[6][7]

After the second Liao campaign against Goryeo, the two sides fought indecisively until 1018, when a large expeditionary army was mobilized by the Liao under the command of Xiao Paiya. The army crossed the Yalu in late 1018 but was ambushed by a superior Goryeo force and suffered severe losses. However the Goryeo army had cut their line of retreat, so Xiao Paiya marched south with the intent of taking Kaesong. They were constantly harried by Korean attacks and forced to retreat.[8] At the Battle of Gwiju, they were encircled and attacked by the Goryeo army, which almost annihilated the Khitan army.[9][10] According to Korean sources, only a few thousand men managed to retreat to the Liao border.[11]

Aftermath

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The next year, the Khitans assembled another large army to march on Goryeo. At this point both sides realized that they could not defeat each other militarily, so in 1020 King Hyeonjong resumed sending tribute, and in 1022 the Khitans officially recognized the legitimacy of King Hyeonjong's reign. In 1022, a Khitan envoy was sent to invest Hyeongjong as king, and when he died in 1031, his successor Wang Heum was also invested by the Liao court as king. Goryeo would remain a Liao tributary, and the relationship between Liao and Goryeo would remain peaceful until the end of the Liao dynasty.[12][13][14] According to historian Bielenstein however, Goryeo maintained diplomatic relations with Song rather than break relations, Hyeonjong kept his own reign title, and the two states concluded peace as equals in 1022.[15]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Rossabi, Morris (1983-05-20). China Among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th-14th Centuries. University of California Press. p. 323. ISBN 9780520045620. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
  2. ^ Cohen, Warren I. (2000-12-20). East Asia at the Center: Four Thousand Years of Engagement with the World. Columbia University Press. p. 116. ISBN 9780231502511. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
  3. ^ Bowman, John (2000-09-05). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. Columbia University Press. p. 202. ISBN 9780231500043. Retrieved 30 July 2016. The Mongolian-Khitan invasions of the late tenth century challenge the stability of the Koryo government, but a period of prosperity follows the defeat of the Khitan in 1018..
  4. ^ Walker, Hugh Dyson (2012-11-20). East Asia: A New History. AuthorHouse. p. 207. ISBN 9781477265178. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
  5. ^ Yi, Ki-baek (1984). A New History of Korea. Harvard University Press. p. 126. ISBN 9780674615762. Retrieved 30 July 2016. Subsequently the Khitan launched several small-scale attacks, to press demands for Hyŏnjong's appearance at their court and surrender of the region of the Six Garrison Settlements, before mounting their third great invasion in 1018. Led by Hsiao P'ai-ya, this time the Khitan army was harassed at every turn and then, retreating, was all but annihilated by a massive Koryŏ attack at Kuju (Kusŏng) executed by Kang Kam-ch'an. The Koryŏ victory was so overwhelming that scarcely a few thousand of the 100,000 man invasion force survived. The Khitan invasions of Koryŏ thus ended in failure. Koryŏ had resolutely resisted foreign aggression and had driven the invaders back. The result was that the two nations worked out a settlement and peaceful relations were maintained between them thereafter.
  6. ^ a b c (in Korean)귀주대첩
  7. ^ Seth, Michael J. (27 July 2006). A Concise History of Korea: From the Neolithic Period through the Nineteenth Century. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 84. ISBN 9780742574717. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
  8. ^ Injae, Lee; Miller, Owen; Jinhoon, Park; Hyun-Hae, Yi (2014-12-15). Korean History in Maps. Cambridge University Press. p. 72. ISBN 9781107098466. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
  9. ^ Connolly, Peter; Gillingham, Emeritus Professor of History at the London School of Economics John; Gillingham, John; Lazenby, John (2016-05-13). The Hutchinson Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval Warfare. Routledge. p. 183. ISBN 9781135936747. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
  10. ^ Breuker, Remco E. (2010). Establishing a Pluralist Society in Medieval Korea, 918-1170: History, Ideology and Identity in the Koryŏ Dynasty. BRILL. p. 244. ISBN 978-9004183254. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
  11. ^ Seth, Michael J. (27 July 2006). A Concise History of Korea: From the Neolithic Period through the Nineteenth Century. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 84. ISBN 9780742574717. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
  12. ^ Twitchett 1994, pp. 111–112.
  13. ^ Bowman, John (2000-09-05). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. Columbia University Press. p. 202. ISBN 9780231500043. Retrieved 30 July 2016. The Mongolian-Khitan invasions of the late tenth century challenge the stability of the Koryo government, but a period of prosperity follows the defeat of the Khitan in 1018..
  14. ^ Lee, Kenneth B. (1997). Korea and East Asia: The Story of a Phoenix. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 60. ISBN 9780275958237. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
  15. ^ Bielenstein 2005, p. 183-183.

Bibliography

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