The Battle of Kokenhausen (Kokenhuza, Latvian: Koknese) was a major battle opening the Polish–Swedish War (1600–1611). It took place on the 13 June (O.S.) or 23 June (N.S.)[2] 1601 near Koknese (in Baltic German Kokenhausen) in Livonia (now in Latvia). In the battle, Polish forces defeated the Swedish relief force and captured the besieging force, relieving the Polish garrison. The battle is notable as one of the greatest victories of the Polish hussars, who defeated their numerically superior Swedish adversaries.
| Battle of Kokenhausen | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Polish–Swedish War (1600–1611) | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth |
 Sweden | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
Krzysztof Mikołaj "the Thunderbolt" RadziwiłłJan Karol Chodkiewicz |
Carl Gyllenhielm (POW) | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
|
300 infantry 2,700 cavalry 9 guns |
900 infantry 4,000 cavalry 17 guns | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 100–200 dead | 2,000–3,000 dead[1] | ||||||
Prelude
editKokenhausen was one of three major forts blocking the Swedish progress on the line of the Daugava River.[3] Swedish forces of about 2,000 under Carl Carlsson Gyllenhielm had been blockading the fortified town of Kokenhausen, located on Daugava River, between Riga and Daugavpils - since 10 March - after the arrival of Duke Charles with heavy artillery - laying a siege to it since 28 March.[4] On 1 April the Swedes had taken the town but not the inner castle, which was still defended by a Polish-Lithuanian garrison.[4] Charles left about 2,600 strong besieging force, and moved north to Erlaa.[4]
The Polish-Lithuanian relief army of 800 men under Krzysztof Mikołaj "the Thunderbolt" Radziwiłł arrived around 11 May and in turn started to besiege the Swedes; it grew to over 4,000 with 16 cannons by mid-June.[3] The Swedes decided to prioritize the relief of the Kokenhausen siege force.[3] They had been reinforcing it with supplies through the river, but many of them had been captured by Commonwealth troops on 29 May.[3] A major Swedish relief force of about 2,000 under Carl Gyllenhielm had been defeated at Erlaa by 1,000 Poles under Jan Siciński in early June.[3] Emboldened by the victory, other Polish detachments captured some nearby strongholds and harassed the Swedish units.[3] The Poles did not assault Kokenhausen, however, as they were waiting for more artillery, and were content to starve the Swedes out.[3] The Swedes did not give up on securing the site, however, and reinforced to 5,000 the Swedes under Gyllenhielm arrived on the morning of 23 June at Kokenhausen and attempted to break the Polish encirclement.[3]
Battle
edit
The field of battle was raised along its edge with the Daugava for some one and a half kilometers to a width of about half a kilometer with the side nearest the river being steep and falling more gently towards the field.[3]
Gyllenhielm had about 900 infantry, 4000 cavalry, and 17 cannons.[3] Radziwiłł left about 500 infantry under Otto Denhoff with orders to maintain the siege, 150 men to guard the camp，and took the field with the rest (around 3,000 men, of which some 400 were infantry, 1000 Polish hussars, and 9 cannons).[5] In addition to Grand Lithuanian Hetman Radziwiłł, the Polish-Lithuanian forces also included the Field Lithuanian Hetman, Jan Karol Chodkiewicz.[3][5]
Polish-Lithuanian cavalry first broke the Swedish left flank.[5] The Swedish counterattack on the right flank, which while initially successful, was in turn broken by the Polish hussar counterattack.[5] The Swedish infantry still held against the Polish cavalry, until being broken by artillery fire.[5] Gyllenhielm gathered some 2,000 cavalry but his troops refused to return to aid the infantry, and he was forced to retreat.[5]
Aftermath
editThe Poles and Lithuanians lost about 200 men, the Swedes - 2,000 (including almost all of their infantry).[5] After the battle, the Swedish force besieging the Kokenhausen castle, which took no part in the battle, surrendered to the Commonwealth.[5] Swedish siege artillery was also captured.[5]
Both the hussar charges and artillery fire proved decisive in this engagement.[5] The battle is notable as one of the greatest victories of the Polish hussars, who defeated their numerically superior Swedish adversaries.[6]
References
edit- ^ Claes-Göran Isacson, Vägen till stormakt - Vasaättens krig (2006), Stockholm, Norstedts. ISBN 91-1-301502-8
- ^ Frost, R.I., 2000, The Northern Wars, 1558–1721, Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, p.63.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Swedish wars 1600-1609: 1601 Spring Summer Campaign, Polish Renaissance Warfare. Accessed on 25 August 2008
- ^ a b c Swedish wars 1600-1609: 1600 Operations, Polish Renaissance Warfare. Accessed on 25 August 2008
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Swedish wars 1600-1609: The Battle of Kokenhausen (23 June 1601), Polish Renaissance Warfare. Accessed on 25 August 2008
- ^ Richard Brzezinski, Velimir Vuksic, Polish Winged Hussar: 1576 - 1775, Osprey Publishing, 2006, ISBN 1-84176-650-X, p.6
External links
edit- Map - Livonia at the start of the 17th Century
- Winged Hussars, Radoslaw Sikora, Bartosz Musialowicz, BUM Magazine, 2016.