In the Battle of Ager Sanguinis, also known as the Battle of the Field of Blood, the Battle of Sarmada, or the Battle of Balat, Roger of Salerno's Crusader army of the Principality of Antioch was annihilated by the army of Ilghazi of Mardin, the Artuqid ruler of Aleppo on 28 June 1119.
| Battle of Ager Sanguinis | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Crusades | |||||||
 Battle of Ager-Sanguinis, 1337 miniature | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
| Artuqids of Aleppo | Principality of Antioch | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
Ilghazi Ibn al-Khashshab | Roger of Salerno † | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 20,000[1] |
7,000–11,000[1] 700 knights[2] 500 Armenian cavalry[3] 3,000 infantry[4] Turcopoles and auxiliaries[1] | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| Unknown |
Most killed 570 captured, of whom 30 executed[5] | ||||||
Background
editAntioch and the other Crusader States were constantly at war with the Muslim states of Northern Syria and the Jazeerah, principally Aleppo and Mosul. When Ridwan of Aleppo died in 1113, there was a period of peace, at least for a few years. However, Roger of Salerno, who was ruling Antioch as regent for Bohemond II, did not take advantage of Ridwan's death; likewise, Baldwin II, count of Edessa, and Pons, count of Tripoli, looked after their own interests and did not ally with Roger against Aleppo. In 1115, Roger defeated a Seljuk Turkish invasion force led by Bursuq ibn Bursuq at the Battle of Sarmin.
In 1117, Aleppo came under the rule of the Artuqid atabeg Ilghazi.[6] In 1118, Roger captured Azaz, which left Aleppo open to attack from the Crusaders; in response, Ilghazi invaded the Principality in 1119.[2] Roger marched out from Artah with Bernard of Valence, the Latin Patriarch of Antioch.[2] Bernard suggested they remain there, as Artah was a well-defended fortress only a short distance away from Antioch, and Ilghazi would not be able to pass if they were stationed there. The Patriarch also advised Roger to call for help from Baldwin, now king of Jerusalem, and Pons, but Roger felt he could not wait for them to arrive.
Roger camped in the pass of Sarmada, while Ilghazi besieged the fort of al-Atharib.[5] A force under Robert of Vieux-Pont set out to break the siege, and Ilghazi feigned a retreat, Robert's men were drawn out from the fort and ambushed.[5]
Battle
editIlghazi was also waiting for reinforcements from Toghtekin, the Burid emir of Damascus, but he too was tired of waiting.[5] Using little-used paths, his army quickly surrounded Roger's camp during the night of 27 June.[5] The prince had recklessly chosen a campsite in a wooded valley with steep sides and few avenues of escape.[5] Roger's army of 700 knights, 500 Armenian cavalry and 3,000 foot soldiers, including turcopoles, hastily formed into five divisions.[7] These drew up in a V-shaped line with the tip farthest from the Muslim battle array. From left to right, the divisions were commanded by Robert of St. Lo, Prince Roger, Guy de Frenelle, Geoffrey the Monk and Peter. Meanwhile, Roger held back a sixth division under Renaud Mansoer to protect the Antiochene rear.[8]
As the Muslim army waited, the qadi Abu al-Fadl ibn al-Khashshab, wearing his lawyer's turban but brandishing a lance, rode out in front of the troopers. At first they were incredulous at being harangued by a scholar but at the end of his passionate evocation of the duties and merits of the jihad warrior, according to Kamal ad-Din, the contemporary historian of Aleppo, these hardened professionals wept with emotion and rode into battle.
That morning, 28 June, the battle was begun by an archery duel between the Antiochene infantry, posted in front of the knights, and the Turkish bowmen. The crusader army was at first successful when the right-hand divisions of Peter and Geoffrey the Monk attacked and defeated the Artuqids opposed to them. Guy de Frenelle's center division had some success also, but the battle was soon decided on the left flank.[9] Robert of St. Lo and the Turcopoles were driven back into Roger's division, disrupting it. A north wind blew dust in the faces of the Antioch knights and footmen, confusing them further.[5] Soon, Artuqid flanking forces enveloped the crusaders.[5]
During the fighting, Roger was killed by a sword in the face at the foot of the great jewelled cross which had served as his standard.[5] The rest of the army was killed or captured; only two knights survived. Renaud Mansoer took refuge in the fort of Sarmada to wait for King Baldwin, but was later taken captive by Ilghazi. Among the other prisoners was likely Walter the Chancellor, who later wrote an account of the battle. The massacre led to the name of the battle, ager sanguinis, Latin for "the field of blood."
Name "ager sanguinis"
editThe description ager sanguinis is possibly a Biblical reference to the field purchased by Judas with the money he had been given to betray Jesus. The Acts of the Apostles records that Judas killed himself in the field, and it was thus known as acheldemach[dubious – discuss] in Aramaic, and ager sanguinis in the Vulgate.[citation needed]
Casualties
editThe Turks captured 70 knights and 500 soldiers of inferior rank. The high-ranking prisoners were ransomed and 30 men[dubious – discuss] who could not pay their way out were executed.[5]
Aftermath
editIlghazi soon went on an alcoholic binge and did not advance to Antioch,[10] where Patriarch Bernard was organizing whatever defense he could. Even so, because of the loss of the Antiochene field army, Atharib, Zerdana, Sarmin, Ma'arrat al-Numan and Kafr Tab rapidly fell into Muslim hands.[10]
Ilghazi was defeated by Baldwin II of Jerusalem and Count Pons at the Battle of Hab on 14 August and Baldwin took over the regency of Antioch.[11] Subsequently, Baldwin recovered some of the lost towns.[12] Even so, the defeat at the Field of Blood left Antioch severely weakened, and subject to repeated attacks by the Muslims in the following decade. Eventually, the Principality came under the influence of a resurgent Byzantine Empire.
The Crusaders regained some of their influence in Syria at the Battle of Azaz six years later in 1125.
Notes
edit- ^ The location of the battle was described by contemporary historians, as follows:
- Matthew of Edessa: "After that he went to Buzaa and set up camp here" or "within the fortress of al-Atarib".
- Ibn al-Adim: "Roger is located in al-Balat, between two mountains, near the Sarmada mountain pass, north of al-Atarib."
- Ibn al-Qalanisi: "in a place known as Sarmada, while others said that in Danit al-Bakal, between Antioch and Aleppo."
- Usama ibn Munqidh: "at al-Balat" or "at Badanis".
- Fulcher of Chartres: "Roger ... fell dead near fort Artasia."
Citations
edit- ^ a b c Tibble 2018, p. 273.
- ^ a b c Stevenson 1907, p. 103.
- ^ Smail 1995, p. 47.
- ^ Tibble 2018, p. 272.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Stevenson 1907, p. 104.
- ^ Stevenson 1907, p. 102.
- ^ Stevenson 1907, p. 103–104.
- ^ Smail 1995, p. 179.
- ^ Smail 1995, p. 180.
- ^ a b Smail 1995, p. 30.
- ^ Stevenson 1907, p. 105.
- ^ Stevenson 1907, p. 106.
Bibliography
edit- Thomas S. Asbridge and Susan B. Edgington, trans. & eds. Walter the Chancellor's The Antiochene Wars: a translation and commentary. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999. ISBN 1-84014-263-4 (Appendices also contain the accounts of Fulcher of Chartres, Albert of Aix, Matthew of Edessa, Orderic Vitalis, and William of Tyre.)
- Geoffrey Hindley, The Crusades: a history of armed pilgrimage and holy war. London: Constable, 2003 ISBN 1-84119-597-9
- Runciman, Steven (1952). A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Smail, R. C. (1995). Crusading Warfare 1097-1193 (2 ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-48029-9.
- Stevenson, W (1907). The Crusaders in the East: a brief history of the wars of Islam with the Latins in Syria during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Cambridge University Press.
- Tibble, Steve (2018). The Crusader Armies 1099-1187. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-21814-5.