Picton, Lennox and Nueva (Spanish: Islas Picton, Nueva y Lennox) form a group of three islands (and their islets) at the extreme southern tip of South America, in the Chilean commune of Cabo de Hornos in Antártica Chilena Province, Magallanes and Antártica Chilena Region. Located in the Tierra del Fuego archipelago, they lie east of Navarino Island and are separated from the Argentine part of Isla Grande in the north by the Beagle Channel. They have an area of 170.4 km2 (Lennox), 105.4 km2 (Picton), 120.0 km2 (Nueva).[1]
Islas Picton, Nueva y Lennox Nickname: PNL, PLN | |
|---|---|
 Puerto Piedra on Picton Island in 1915. | |
.svg)  Picton, Lennox and Nueva Islands | |
| Geography | |
| Coordinates | 55°02′S 66°57′W / 55.03°S 66.95°W |
| Adjacent to | Pacific Ocean Atlantic Ocean (to the east of the islands) |
| Administration | |
| Region | Magallanes |
| Province | Antártica Chilena |
| Commune | Cabo de Hornos |
| Additional information | |
| NGA UFI=-896223 (Picton), -893896 (Nueva), -888860 (Lennox) | |
Close to the islands are the islets of Snipe, Augustus, Becasses, Luff, Jorge, Hermanos, Solitario, Gardiner, Terhalten, Sesambre and others.
History
edit
Robert Fitzroy and Phillip Parker King named the island "Picton" in honour of Thomas Picton, first British governor of Trinidad in the West-Indies. Lennox was discovered in 1624 by Dutch Admiral Schapenham who named the island Terhalten, after the officer who first sighted it. It was renamed later by Fitzroy and Parker King.[2]
From the signing of the boundary treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina to 1904, the islands were considered in Chile and Argentina as Chilean territories.
At the end of the 19th century, the Chilean government gave the first concessions to Antonio Milicic for Nueva Island, Esteban Loncaric for Lennox Island and Thomas Bridges for Picton Island. In 1910/11 the following were inhabited: Caleta Las Casas in Nueva Island, Puerto Piedra in Picton Island, and Caleta Oro and Caleta Cúter in Lennox Island[3]: 122 (Caleta is Spanish for little bay). These concessions were transferred in the course of time to other entrepreneurs, mostly for cattle farming or mining.
Puerto Banner
editFrom 3 to 6 December 1914, after the Battle of Coronel, the German East Asia Squadron (armored cruisers Scharnhorst and Gneisenau and the light cruisers Nürnberg, Leipzig and Dresden and the merchants Santa Isabel, Baden, Seydlitz and the captured Norwegian ship Drummuir) under the command of Admiral Graf Spee moored off Puerto Banner on the way to the Battle of the Falkland Islands. This was considered by Chile as a violation of its neutrality and forced the government to establish Puerto Banner as a coaling station for the Chilean Navy. Puerto Banner served twice as the coaling station of the Yelcho during her services to rescue the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition of Ernest Shackleton.
During the Chilean land reform, the east part of Navarino Island and the three islands (86,000 ha) were part of an economic unit and plan to benefit the settlers.[3]: 183 Puerto Toro, the next settlement to the islands, in Navarino Island, was re-established in 1969.
Operation Soberanía
editDue to their strategic location south of the Beagle Channel and facing the border between the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean, the islands had been claimed since 1904 by Argentina, not because of the treaty of 1881 but for so-called "political reasons". Whichever government controlled Picton, Lennox and Nueva could stake territorial rights further into the Ocean (important for the fishing industry), to several other islands, and to a larger part of Antarctica, where resource development and exploration were important.
The dispute over control of the islands continued into the late 20th century. On 22 July 1971 Salvador Allende and Alejandro Lanusse, the presidents of Chile and Argentina, respectively, signed an arbitration agreement (the Arbitration Agreement of 1971). This agreement was to settle their dispute over the territorial and maritime boundaries between them, and in particular the title to the Picton, Nueva and Lennox islands near the extreme end of the South American continent. It was submitted to binding arbitration under the auspices of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom.
On 25 January 1978 Argentina repudiated the arbitration decision. It began to prepare for war and the three islands plus the Hermite and Wollastone islands became the main objective of the Argentines. In order to increase deterrence against the Operation Soberanía, the Chilean Navy installed minefields in strategic areas on the islands.[4] On 22 December 1978, Argentina commenced (and a few hours later aborted) Operation Soberanía to invade both those islands and continental Chile.[5] Although it called off the operation, the Argentine government never gave up on the use of military force to pressure Chile.[6]: 146 After the invasion of the Falklands on 2 April 1982, the Argentine junta planned the military occupation of the three islands, as stated by Brigadier Basilio Lami Dozo, chief of the Argentine Air Force during the Falklands war, in an interview with the Argentine magazine Perfil:
- L.F. Galtieri: "[Chile] have to know that what we are doing now, because they will be the next in turn.[7]
The last minefields were installed shortly after the 1982 Argentine invasion of the Falkland Islands. Since 2007 mine clearance in Chile has been carried out by de-mining units of the army and navy.[8]
Literature
edit"The Survivors of the 'Jonathan'", also known as "Magellania",[9] is a novel written by Jules Verne in 1897 and published posthumously in 1909, after it had been rewritten by Verne's son Michel under the title Les naufragés du "Jonathan".
The novel tells the story of a mysterious man named Kaw-djer who lives on the Nueva Island, whose motto is "Neither God nor master". He refused any contact with western civilization, relying on himself in order to survive and also provides assistance to the indigenous peoples of Magellania. However, the 1881 Boundary Treaty will destroy his paradise of individualist anarchism because it will end the state of terra nullius in the region.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "UN SYSTEM-WIDE EARTHWATCH Web Site, Island directory, Chile". Archived from the original on 2013-05-01. Retrieved 2013-05-01.
- ^ Salvatore Bizzarro, Historical Dictionary of Chile
- ^ a b Mateo Martinic in Crónica de las tierras del sur del Canal Beagle
- ^ Elizabeth Beery Adams and Patricio Undurraga, Landmines in Chile: Who is at Risk?, retrieved on 9 October 2013
- ^ Clarín, (Buenos Aires), 20 December 1998
- ^ Mares, David R. Violent Peace New York: Columbia University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-231-11186-X.
- ^ Argentine magazine Perfil on 22 November 2009, retrieved on 22 November 2009:
- Para colmo, Galtieri dijo en un discurso: “Que saquen el ejemplo de lo que estamos haciendo ahora porque después les toca a ellos”.
- «Los planes militares eran, en la hipótesis de resolver el caso Malvinas, invadir las islas en disputa en el Beagle. Esa era la decisión de la Armada…»
- (transl.:«The military planning was, with the Falklands in Argentine hand, to invade the disputed islands in the Beagle Channel. That was the determination of the (Argentine) navy…»)
- Displaying the mentality of the Argentine military regime in the 1970s, as another example, there was "Plan Rosario" according to which Argentina would attack the Malvinas and then turn to settle the Beagle Channel problem by force. The sequence, according to the plan, could also be reversed.
- Para nosotros no lo estará [terminada la guerra], porque, inmediatamente después de barrido el enemigo de las Malvinas, debe serlo de las Georgias, Sandwich del Sur y de todos los demás archipiélagos australes argentinos, ...
- ^ Landmine and cluster munition Monitor, Chile, 2007, retrieved on 9 October 2013
- ^ Les Voyages Extraordinaires. In French, Magellania, En Magellanie, or Les Naufragés du "Jonathan".