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Before and After Science

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Before and After Science is the fifth solo studio album by English musician Brian Eno, originally released by Polydor Records in December 1977 in the United Kingdom and by Island U.S. soon after. Produced by Eno and Rhett Davies, it is the first of Eno's popular music works to be published under his full name (unlike all recordings that preceded the record and Discreet Music, where he was mononymously credited as "Eno").

Before and After Science
A picture of the album cover depicting a white border with a stark black and white image of the side profile of Brian Eno's face. In the top right corner is Brian Eno's name. In the bottom right corner the album's title is written.
Studio album by
Brian Eno
ReleasedDecember 1977 (1977-12)
StudioBasing Street, London; Conny's Studio, Cologne[1]
Genre
Length39:30
LabelIsland, Polydor
ProducerBrian Eno, Rhett Davies
Brian Eno chronology
Cluster & Eno
(1977) 		Before and After Science
(1977) 		Ambient 1: Music for Airports
(1978)
Singles from Before and After Science
  1. "King's Lead Hat"
    Released: January 1978

Musicians from the United Kingdom and Germany had notably collaborated on the album, including Robert Wyatt, Fred Frith, Phil Manzanera, Paul Rudolph, Andy Fraser, Dave Mattacks, Jaki Liebezeit, Dieter Moebius, and Hans-Joachim Roedelius. Over one hundred tracks were written but only ten made the album's final cut. The musical styles range from energetic and jagged to languid and pastoral.

The album marks Eno's last foray into rock music as a solo artist in the 1970s, nearly all of his following work showcasing avant-garde and ambient music, which was hinted at predominantly on the second side of Before and After Science. It was Eno's second to chart in the United States. The song "King's Lead Hat", the title of which is an anagram for Talking Heads, was remixed and released as a single, although it did not chart in the United Kingdom. Critical response to the album has remained positive, several critics calling it one of Eno's best works.

Production

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Unlike Eno's previous albums, which were recorded in a very short time, Before and After Science was two years in the making.[6] During this two-year period, Eno was busy working on his solo ambient music albums Music for Films and Discreet Music.[6] Due to the very positive critical reception accorded his previous rock music-oriented album, Another Green World, Eno was afraid of repeating himself but still wanted to release a high-quality product.[6]

As on his previous rock-based recordings, Eno worked with a plethora of guest musicians. Several artists from German and British groups of the era contributed to the album, collaborating with Eno for the first time. Guitarist Fred Frith caught Eno's attention with "the timbral possibilities that [Frith had] been discovering" on his album Guitar Solos.[7] Jaki Liebezeit of the German krautrock group Can played drums on "Backwater", and German ambient music group Cluster contributed to the songwriting and instrumentation of the track "By This River".[1][8] Eno had previously worked with Cluster on their album Cluster & Eno, released in 1977.[9] Other musicians included Dave Mattacks, who played drums on "Kurt's Rejoinder" and "Here He Comes", and Andy Fraser (normally a bass guitarist in British blues rock band Free) who played the drums on "King's Lead Hat".[1][10][11]

Several musicians who had worked with Eno on previous albums returned. Percy Jones of Brand X and Phil Collins of Genesis played bass and drums respectively.[8] Other returning contributors included Robert Fripp, Paul Rudolph, Bill MacCormick and Phil Manzanera.[12] "Shirley Williams" is credited on the album sleeve for "time" and "brush timbales" on "Through Hollow Lands" and "Kurt's Rejoinder"; Williams was a pseudonym for Robert Wyatt.[13] Working extensively with the musicians and his instructional cards—the Oblique Strategies—during the two years working on the album, Eno wrote over one hundred songs.[1][6][14]

Music and lyrics

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Jim DeRogatis, author of Turn on Your Mind: Four Decades of Great Psychedelic Rock, described the overall sound of Before and After Science as "the coldest and most clinical of Eno's pop efforts".[15] David Ross Smith of online music database AllMusic wrote that "Despite the album's pop format, the sound is unique and strays far from the mainstream".[8] According to David Bowie's biographer Thomas Jerome Seabrook, the album is "split between up-tempo art-rock on side one and more pastoral material on side two",[2] while Piotr Orlov of LA Weekly categorized it as an art pop record.[3] The album's opening tracks "No One Receiving" and "Backwater" start the album as upbeat and bouncy songs.[8] "King's Lead Hat" is an anagram of Talking Heads, a new wave group Eno had met after a concert in England when they were touring with Ramones.[16][17] Eno would later produce Talking Heads' second, third and fourth albums, including Remain in Light.[18] The last five songs of the album have been described as having "an occasional pastoral quality" and being "pensive and atmospheric".[8]

Eno referred to the music of Before and After Science as "ocean music", as opposed to Another Green World', which he described as "sky music".[14] References to water in the lyrics appear in songs such as "Backwater", "Julie With..." and "By this River".[19] Author Simon Reynolds noted themes of "boredom" and "bliss" through the album, citing "Here He Comes", about "a boy trying to vanish by floating through the sky through a different time" and "Spider and I", about a boy watching the sky and dreaming about being carried away with a ship, as examples.[19] Eno's songwriting style was described as "a sound-over-sense approach".[8] Influenced by poet Kurt Schwitters, Eno consciously did not make songwriting or lyrics the main focus in the music.[8] Tom Carson of Rolling Stone noted this style, stating that the lyrics are "only complementary variables" to the music on the album.[20] Lester Bangs commented on Eno's lyrical style on "Julie with..." stating that the lyrics' themes "could be a murderer's ruminations, or simply a lovers' retreat... or Julie could be three years old".[14] Schwitters' influence is also shown on the song "Kurt's Rejoinder", on which samples of Schwitters' poem "Ursonate" can be heard.[8][16]

Release

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Peter Schmidt's "Four Years" was one of four prints included in the original pressings of the album[21]

Before and After Science was released in December 1977 on Polydor in the United Kingdom and on Island in the United States.[22] The first pressings of the album included four offset prints by Peter Schmidt.[21] The back cover of the LP states "Fourteen Pictures" under the album title, referencing Eno's ten songs and Peter Schmidt's 4 prints. These prints included "The Road to the Crater", "Look at September, look at October", "The Other House" and "Four Years".[21] The album did not chart in the United Kingdom, but was Eno's first album since Here Come the Warm Jets to chart in the United States, where it peaked at 171 on the Billboard Top LPs & Tapes chart.[23][24] "King's Lead Hat" was remixed and released as a single in January 1978, featuring the B-side "R.A.F.", which is credited to "Eno & Snatch" (in the UK, not the US).[22] This single failed to chart and has never been reissued in any form.[23][24]

The album was re-issued on compact disc through E.G. Records in January 1987.[22] In 2004, Virgin Records began reissuing Eno's albums in batches of four to five.[25] The remastered digipak release of Before and After Science was released on 31 May 2004 in the United Kingdom and on 1 June 2004 in North America.[26]

Critical reception

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Professional ratings
Review scores
SourceRating
AllMusic     [8]
Blender     [27]
Christgau's Record GuideA−[28]
Entertainment WeeklyA[29]
Mojo     [30]
The New Zealand Herald     [31]
Pitchfork7.7/10 (2004)[32]
10/10 (2017)[33]
The Rolling Stone Album Guide     [34]
Spin Alternative Record Guide9/10[35]
Uncut8/10[36]

The album was critically acclaimed upon release. Writing for Creem, Joe Fernbacher called the Before and After Science "the perfect Eno album",[37] and Mitchell Schneider in Crawdaddy stated he could not "remember the last time a record took such a hold of [him]—and gave [him] such an extreme case of vertigo, too".[38] In DownBeat, Russell Shaw wrote that the album was "another typically awesome, stunning and numbing Brian Eno album—the record Pink Floyd could make if they set their collective mind to it".[39] Tom Carson of Rolling Stone considered the album "less immediately ingratiating than either Taking Tiger Mountain or Here Come the Warm Jets. Still, the execution here is close to flawless, and despite Eno's eclecticism, the disparate styles he employs connect brilliantly."[20] Critic Robert Christgau gave the album an A− rating, stating that he "didn't like the murkiness of the quiet, largely instrumental reflections that take over side two", but did not find that this "diminishes side one's oblique, charming tour of the popular rhythms of the day".[28] In 1979, Before and After Science was voted 12th best album of the year on The Village Voice's Pazz & Jop critics' poll for 1978.[40]

Among later reviews of Before and After Science, the editors of AllMusic awarded the album the highest rating of five stars, with David Ross Smith stating that it ranks alongside Here Come the Warm Jets and Another Green World "as the most essential Eno material".[8] The music webzine Tiny Mix Tapes awarded the album their highest rating, stating that it "is not only one of the best albums in Eno's catalog, but of the 1970s as a whole".[41] Douglas Wolk of the webzine Pitchfork gave Before and After Science a perfect rating, calling the album "the most conceptually elegant of Eno’s '70s song-albums".[33] Pitchfork placed Before and After Science at number 100 on their list of "Top 100 Albums of the 1970s", referring to it as a "lovely, charming album" and going on to state that, while "not formally groundbreaking, it's frequently overlooked when discussing great albums from an era that's romanticized as placing premiums on progression and innovation—and particularly in the context of Eno's career, which is so full of both".[42]

Track listing

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All tracks are written by Brian Eno, except where noted[1][43]

Side one
No.TitleWriter(s)Length
1."No One Receiving" 3:52
2."Backwater" 3:43
3."Kurt's Rejoinder" 2:55
4."Energy Fools the Magician"Eno, arranged by Percy Jones, Eno2:04
5."King's Lead Hat" 3:56
Side two
No.TitleWriter(s)Length
6."Here He Comes" 5:38
7."Julie With..." 6:19
8."By this River"Eno, Hans-Joachim Roedelius, Dieter Moebius3:03
9."Through Hollow Lands" (for Harold Budd)Eno, arranged by Fred Frith, Eno3:56
10."Spider and I" 4:10

Personnel

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Musicians[1]

  • Brian Eno – voices (on all tracks, except 4 and 9), piano (tracks 1, 2, 5–7), synthesizer (1, 3), guitar (1, 7), synthesized percussion (1), rhythm guitar (2, 5), brass (2), chorus (3, 4), 'jazz' piano (3), keyboards (4, 9, 10), vibes (4), metallics (5), Yamaha CS-80 (6–8), Moog synth (6, 9), EMS Synthi AKS (7, 10), Minimoog and bell (7), melody guitar (9)

Production[1]

  • Brian Eno – producer, cover design
  • Rhett Davies – producer, audio engineer
  • Conny Plank – engineer
  • Dave Hutchins – engineer
  • Cream – cover artwork
  • Ritva Saarikko – cover photograph
  • Peter Schmidt – art prints

Chart positions

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Chart (1978) Peak
position
Australian (Kent Music Report) 45[44]
New Zealand Albums Chart[45] 18
Swedish Albums Chart[46] 25

Notes

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g Before and After Science (Vinyl back cover). Brian Eno. Island Records. 1977. ILPS-9478.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  2. ^ a b Seabrook 2008, p. 160.
  3. ^ a b Orlov, Piotr (16 December 2004). "Enorchestra at the Knitting Factory, December 8". LA Weekly. Archived from the original on 17 September 2009. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
  4. ^ O'Brien, Glenn (22 November 2016). "New Again: Brian Eno". Interview. New York. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
  5. ^ Pickard, Joshua (10 October 2015). "Record Bin: The experimental pop lucidity of Brian Eno's "Before and After Science"". Nooga.com. Archived from the original on 6 October 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
  6. ^ a b c d Tamm 1989, p. 107.
  7. ^ Jónsson, Darryl (January 2007). "Interview with Fred Frith". MOFFOM (Music on Film-Film on Music). Archived from the original on 14 December 2007. Retrieved 16 July 2009.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Smith, David Ross. "Before and After Science – Brian Eno". AllMusic. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
  9. ^ Waynick, Michael. "Cluster & Eno – Cluster / Brian Eno". AllMusic. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
  10. ^ True, Chris. "Andy Fraser". AllMusic. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
  11. ^ McDonald, Steven. "Dave Mattacks". AllMusic. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
  12. ^ Mills, Ted. "Quiet Sun". AllMusic. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
  13. ^ Maconie, Stuart (1 February 2003). A Quantity of Stuff – The Brian Eno Story. BBC Radio 2.
  14. ^ a b c Bangs, Lester (4 March 1978). "Eno Sings with the Fishes". The Village Voice. New York. p. 49.
  15. ^ DeRogatis 2003, p. 245.
  16. ^ a b DeRogatis 2003, p. 246.
  17. ^ Gittins 2004, p. 36.
  18. ^ "More Songs About Buildings and Food – Talking Heads | Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
  19. ^ a b Reynolds 1996, p. 203.
  20. ^ a b Carson, Tom (18 May 1978). "Brian Eno: Before and After Science". Rolling Stone. New York. Archived from the original on 19 June 2009. Retrieved 29 May 2009.
  21. ^ a b c "Peter Schmidt". Peter Schmidt Web. Archived from the original on 19 June 2009. Retrieved 31 May 2009.
  22. ^ a b c Strong 1998, p. 245.
  23. ^ a b "Brian Eno | Awards". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 7 July 2017. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
  24. ^ a b Warwick, Kutner & Brown 2004, p. 379.
  25. ^ "The Musical Life of Brian!". NME. London. Archived from the original on 17 May 2009. Retrieved 30 May 2009.
  26. ^ Goff, Jon (29 July 2004). "Brian Eno: Before and After Science [reissue]". PopMatters. Archived from the original on 20 June 2009. Retrieved 30 May 2009.
  27. ^ Wolk, Douglas (2004). "Brian Eno: (various reissues)". Blender. New York. Archived from the original on 6 August 2004. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
  28. ^ a b Christgau 1981, p. 127.
  29. ^ Brunner, Rob (4 June 2004). "Here Come the Warm Jets, Taking Tiger Mountain (by Strategy), Another Green World, Before and After Science". Entertainment Weekly. New York. Archived from the original on 7 November 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
  30. ^ Buckley, David (June 2004). "Brian Eno: Here Come the Warm Jets / Taking Tiger Mountain (By Strategy) / Another Green World / Before and After Science". Mojo. No. 127. London. p. 123.
  31. ^ Reid, Graham (18 June 2004). "Brian Eno". The New Zealand Herald. Auckland. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
  32. ^ "Brian Eno: Colours: Pitchfork Review". Archived from the original on 18 June 2004. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  33. ^ a b Wolk, Douglas (3 August 2017). "Brian Eno: Here Come the Warm Jets / Taking Tiger Mountain (By Strategy) / Before and After Science". Pitchfork. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
  34. ^ Considine 2004, p. 278.
  35. ^ Powers 1995, p. 129.
  36. ^ Bonner, Michael (September 2017). "Brian Eno: Here Come the Warm Jets / Taking Tiger Mountain (By Strategy) / Another Green World / Before and After Science". Uncut. No. 244. London. p. 46.
  37. ^ Fernbacher, Joe (April 1978). "Brian Eno: Before and After Science". Creem. No. 9. Detroit. p. 67.
  38. ^ Schneider, Mitchell (May 1978). "Brave New Eno". Crawdaddy. No. 84. New York. p. 64. Brian Eno is an agent from some other time and some other place who seems to know something that we don't but should... I can't remember the last time a record took such a hold of me—and gave such an extreme case of vertigo, too.)
  39. ^ Shaw, Russell (13 July 1978). "Brian Eno: Before and After Science". DownBeat. No. 45. Chicago. p. 36. What a wonderland of a zoo, a cross between steaming smoke, atonal mystery and hanging, frothy ditties... This is another typically awesome, stunning, numbing Brian Eno album—the record Pink Floyd could make if they set their collective mind to it.)
  40. ^ "The 1978 Pazz & Jop Critics Poll". The Village Voice. New York. 22 January 1979. Archived from the original on 19 June 2009. Retrieved 31 May 2009.
  41. ^ Eyad (11 April 2008). "Brian Eno – Before and After Science". Tiny Mix Tapes. Archived from the original on 20 June 2009. Retrieved 31 May 2009.
  42. ^ "The 100 Best Albums of the 1970s". Pitchfork. 23 June 2004. p. 1. Archived from the original on 31 May 2009. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
  43. ^ "Before and After Science (CD – Virgin #68659) – Brian Eno". AllMusic. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
  44. ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 103. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
  45. ^ "charts.nz – Brian Eno – Before and After Science". Recording Industry Association of New Zealand. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
  46. ^ "swedishcharts.com – Brian Eno – Before and After Science". Sverigetopplistan. Archived from the original on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2010.

References

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