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Bayt Tima

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Bayt Tima (Arabic: بيت طيما) was a Palestinian Arab village in the Gaza Subdistrict, located 21 kilometers (13 mi) northeast of Gaza and some 12 kilometers (7.5 mi) from the coastline. It was situated in flat terrain on the southern coastal plain of Palestine. Bayt Tima was depopulated during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. Its population in 1945 was 1,060.[5]

Bayt Tima
بيت طيما
Beit Tima
Batima
Etymology: The house of Tima[1]
1870s map
1940s map
modern map
1940s with modern overlay map
A series of historical maps of the area around Bayt Tima (click the buttons)
Bayt Tima is located in Mandatory Palestine
Bayt Tima
Bayt Tima
Location within Mandatory Palestine
Coordinates: 31°37′24″N 34°38′21″E / 31.62333°N 34.63917°E / 31.62333; 34.63917
Palestine grid115/114
Geopolitical entityMandatory Palestine
SubdistrictGaza
Date of depopulationOctober 18–19, 1948[4]
Area
[3]
 • Total
11,032 dunams (11.032 km2 or 4.259 sq mi)
Population
 (1945)
 • Total
1,060[2][3]
Cause(s) of depopulationMilitary assault by Yishuv forces
Current LocalitiesNo settlements on village lands

History

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During the Mandate period the village was inspected by the Department of Antiquities, and a number of ancient remains were noted, in addition to two Arabic inscriptions built into the mosque.[6] In the cemetery located just south of Bayt Tima lies a worn mosaic pavement, suggesting an Ancient Roman or Byzantine presence at the site.[5]

A 14th-century Mamluk-era mosque existed on the site dedicated to a certain prophet or local saint named "Nabi Tima". In the courtyard of the mosque and near it are imitations of Corinthian capitals and columns of gray stone. The remainder of the building was built in local kurkar stone. There is no mention of Bayt Tima in early Arabic sources and the inscription on the mosque is the only Mamluk association to it.[7]

Ottoman era

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Bayt Tima came under Ottoman rule in the early 16th century, and in the 1596 tax records it was under the administration of the nahiya of Gaza, part of the Liwa of Gaza, with a population of 126 Muslim households, an estimated 693 persons. The inhabitants paid a fixed tax rate of 33,3% on a number of crops, including wheat, barley, fruit, almonds, sesame, beehives, and goats; a total of 21,200 akçe.[8]

Marom and Taxel have shown that during the seventeenth to eighteenth centuries, nomadic economic and security pressures led to settlement abandonment around Majdal ‘Asqalān, and the southern coastal plain in general. The population of abandoned villages moved to surviving settlements, while the lands of abandoned settlements continued to be cultivated by neighboring villages. Thus, Bayt Tima absorbed the lands of Sama, Bayt Sam'an and Irza, mentioned separately as inhabited villages in the Ottoman tax registers of the 16th century.[9]

In 1838, Beit Tima was noted as a Muslim village in the Gaza area.[10]

The Ottomans constructed additions to the mosque, and the Egyptians under Muhammad Ali of Egypt reconstructed it in the 1830s. In 1863 the French explorer Victor Guérin visited Bayt Tima, noting that it had a population of 400 and mentioning the Mamluk mosque.[11][7]

An Ottoman village list of about 1870 indicated 49 houses and a population of 159, though the population count included men, only.[12][13]

In 1883, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described it as being of moderate-size, with two pools and shrines, and two small patches of garden nearby.[14]

British Mandate era

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In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Bait Tima had a population of 606 Muslims,[15] increasing by the 1931 census to 762, still all Muslim, in 157 houses.[16]

 
Beit Tima 1931 1:20,000
 
Beit Tima 1945 1:20,000

In the 1945 statistics the population of Beit Tima consisted of 1060, all Muslims,[2] and the land area was 11,032 dunams, according to an official land and population survey.[3] Of this, 197 dunams were designated for plantations and irrigable land, 10,444 for cereals,[17] while 60 dunams were built-up areas.[18]

During the British Mandate period, Bayt Tima had its own shops, the 14th-century mosque, and an elementary school built in 1946. It shared the school with nearby Hulayqat and Kawkaba. Its adobe houses—which amounted to 157—were grouped together in blocks, separated by streets or open space; the largest block was at the center of the village. Most residents worked in rainfed agriculture, cultivating grain, vegetables, and fruits, especially figs, apricots, and almonds.[5]

1948 War and aftermath

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According to the Jaffa-based newspaper Filastin, a "Zionist attempt" to infiltrate Bayt Tima was recorded as early as February 1948, preceding the outbreak of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. Their forces were driven back by a "hail of bullets" from the local militiamen which lasted for half an hour.[19]

On 30/31 May the Negev Brigade reported that they had conquered Bayt Tima, killing some 20 Arabs and destroying the well and a granary.[20] Morris notes that it was later reconquered by the Egyptian army, to finally falling to the Israelis in October.[21]

Israeli sources had told the Associated Press that they had occupied Bayt Tima at the beginning of June. They claimed it was captured while "slashing behind an Egyptian coastal spearhead" on June 1. But the occupation was short-lived, since Israeli forces also threatened Bayt Tima a month later, according to Egyptian writer Muhammad Abd al-Munim. He writes that at the end of the first truce, in early July, the village was held by Palestinian militiamen and Israeli forces encroached on Bayt Tima, occupying the hills overlooking it. Its defenders were reinforced by a Saudi Arabian company fighting on the southern front and Bayt Tima supposedly remained in Arab hands throughout the second truce.[5]

An aerial and artillery bombardment against the village in mid-October 1948 led to the flight of a large number of refugees from Bayt Tima. It was occupied on October 18–19 in the early stages of Operation Yoav by the Givati Brigade. The New York Times quoted an Israeli communique on October 20 which said that Bayt Tima had fallen, along with Hulayqat and Kawkaba.[5][22]

Following the war the area was incorporated into the State of Israel, but the village's land remained undeveloped. According to Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi, "Sycamore and carob trees grow around the rubble on the site. The land is used for agriculture."[5]

References

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  1. ^ Palmer, 1881, p.365
  2. ^ a b Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 31
  3. ^ a b c Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 45
  4. ^ Morris, 2004, p. xix, village #305. Also gives cause of depopulation
  5. ^ a b c d e f Khalidi, 1992, p.89.
  6. ^ Petersen, 2001, p. 126, with illustrations of the inscriptions.
  7. ^ a b Sharon, 1999, p.157-p.158.
  8. ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 142. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 89
  9. ^ Marom, Roy; Taxel, Itamar (2023-10-01). "Ḥamāma: The historical geography of settlement continuity and change in Majdal 'Asqalan's hinterland, 1270–1750 CE". Journal of Historical Geography. 82: 49–65. doi:10.1016/j.jhg.2023.08.003. ISSN 0305-7488.
  10. ^ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, Appendix 2, p. 118
  11. ^ Guérin, 1869, pp. 127 -128
  12. ^ Socin, 1879, p. 147
  13. ^ Hartmann, 1883, p. 133 also noted 49 houses
  14. ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. 259. Cited in Khalidi, 1992, p. 89
  15. ^ Barron, 1923, Table V, Sub-district of Gaza, p. 8
  16. ^ Mills, 1932, p. 2
  17. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 86
  18. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 136
  19. ^ Filastin, 11.02.1948, cited in Khalidi, 1992, p. 89
  20. ^ Morris, 2004, p. 258, note #784
  21. ^ Morris, 2004, p. 306, note #784
  22. ^ Morris, 2004, pp. 462, 466

Bibliography

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