The Nazi Euthanasia Centre at Bernburg (German: NS-Tötungsanstalt Bernburg) operated from 21 November 1940 to 30 July 1943 in a separate wing of the State Sanatorium and Mental Hospital (Landes-Heil- und Pflegeanstalt) in Bernburg on the River Saale in the German state of Saxony-Anhalt. It was one of several euthanasia centres run by the Nazis under their official "Euthanasia Programme", later referred to after the war as Action T4. A total of 9,384 sick and handicapped people from 33 welfare institutions and nursing homes as well as around 5,000 prisoners from six concentration camps were killed there in a gas chamber using carbon monoxide gas.
Today there is a memorial in Bernburg commemorating the victims of the Bernburg Euthanasia Centre.
First phase of operation
editThe victims at the killing centre in Bernburg were categorized by their place of origin. According to the organization chart they included: sick and disabled people from institutions in the provinces of Brandenburg, Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein, the states of Anhalt, Brunswick and Mecklenburg as well as the capital city Berlin and the city of Hamburg from where the victims were transported to Bernburg directly or via the intermediate centres which included:
- In the Province of Saxony: Jerichow (390), Uchtspringe (county of Stendal) (864), Altscherbitz near Schkeuditz (county of Delitzsch) (1,385)
- In the Province of Brandenburg: Görden near Brandenburg (1,110), Neuruppin (1,497) Teupitz, county of Teltow (1,564)
- In the State of Brunswick and others: Königslutter (423)
According to a surviving internal summary, the so-called Hartheim Statistics, 8,601 people were killed at Bernburg in 1941.[1] These statistics cover only the first phase of the T4 killings that were carried out by Hitler's order of 24 August 1941, and do not include any figures for 1940.
| 1940 | Nov | Dec | 1941 | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | 1941 Total | 1940/41 Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 397 | 387 | 788 | 939 | 1,004 | 1,084 | 1,316 | 1,406 | 1,426 | 638 | 8,601 | 9,384 |
Euthanasia doctors
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The organizers of the Nazi Euthanasia Programme, later known as Action T4, Viktor Brack and Karl Brandt, ordered that the killing of patients could only be carried out by clinicians, because the letter of authorization from Hitler dated 1 September 1939 only referred to doctors. The operation of the gas tap was therefore the job of the gas doctors in the extermination centres. Despite that, during the course of the Euthanasia Programme, in the absence of the doctors or for other reasons, the gas tap was also operated by non-medical personnel. In correspondence with the outside world, the doctors employed false names.
The following doctors carried out euthanasia in Bernburg:
- Head: Irmfried Eberl ("Dr. Schneider"): November 1940 to August 1941; transferred from Berlin back to Bernburg, 1942–1943
- Deputy: Heinrich Bunke ("Dr. Keller"): November 1940 to August 1941
End of first phase
editOn 31 January 1941, Joseph Goebbels wrote in his diary: "Discussed with Bouhler the question of the silent liquidation of the mentally ill. 40,000 are gone, 60,000 must still go. This is difficult, but necessary work. And it must be done now. Bouhler is the right man to do it."[2] The planned figure of 100,000 victims mentioned here was not achieved according to the Hartheim Statistics and the diary entry is cited as evidence that the programme was prematurely halted.[3]
It is debated whether it was the numerous public protests of senior clergymen and other dignitaries, who made the programme public knowledge,[4] or a fear of disruptive action by other countries that resulted in the order to officially call off the Euthanasia Programme – the so-called "Euthanasia Stop". The historian, Uwe Dietrich Adam, also posed the question early on as to whether the programme was halted because its euthanasia specialists were urgently needed in the extermination camps to where they were soon deployed.[5]
Action 14f13
editAction 14f13 was used to eliminate seriously ill concentration camp inmates or those who, for other reasons, were unable to work; they were referred to as "ballast". Action 14f13 also dealt with Jewish prisoners, regardless of their actual state of health. The programme was prepared, alongside Action T4, in the spring of 1941 when medical commissions visited the concentration camps. In a letter after the cessation of the programme had been ordered, it was announced that Bernburg should "deal in the near term with concentration camp members".[6] By the spring of 1942, 1,400 women from Ravensbrück had been killed in Bernburg.[7]
Notable victims
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- Olga Benário Prestes
- Friedrich Brauner
- Käthe Leichter
- Irma Eckler, wife of August Landmesser
- Ruth Rosa Luise Mühlmann
- Mary Pünjer
- Henny Schermann
- Rosa Manus[a]
In early June 1942, 300 prisoners from Neuengamme concentration camp were transported to Bernburg and killed immediately after arrival through the use of carbon monoxide, probably on 5 June 1942. These 300 victims (about 80 German Jewish prisoners and 220 detainees, who had either been arrested as so-called "asocials" or who were seriously ill and unable to work) are all named at the Neuengamme concentration camp memorial site. Their names may be seen in the lists (panels) in the House of Remembrance and Book of the Dead at the former Neuengamme concentration camp (also available in digital form).
Action Reinhardt
editBefore working in Bernburg SS-Obersturmführer Irmfried Eberl was a doctor and medical head of the Brandenburg Euthanasia Centre with the same staff. Because of his experience in gassing, from summer 1942 Eberl was appointed commandant of the Treblinka extermination camp as part of the most deadly phase of the Holocaust in Poland known as Action Reinhardt. Irmfried Eberl was appointed the camp's first commandant on 11 July 1942. He was the only physician-in-chief to command an extermination camp during World War II. According to some, his poor organisational skills soon caused the operation of Treblinka to turn disastrous; others point out that the number of transports that were coming in reflected the Nazi high command's wildly unrealistic expectations of Treblinka's ability to "process" these prisoners.[8]
Post-1945 period
editIn the early years of the GDR, the subject of euthanasia in Bernburg was not addressed. Only in the 1980s did the hospital staff begin slowly to deal with the topic. In the wake of the Wende, a memorial was opened, which was transferred in 1994 to the state. The director of the memorial is Ute Hoffmann. Since 1 January 2007, the memorial has been sponsored by the Memorial Foundation of Saxony-Anhalt. On 29 November 2006, the Friends of the Memorial to the Victims of Nazi Euthanasia in Bernburg was founded on the premises of the memorial.
See also
edit
Footnotes
edit- ^ There is conflicting information about the location of Manus' death.
References
edit- ^ This figure is given in the pages of the Hartheim Statistics Archived 2011-08-15 at the Wayback Machine as well as Henry Friedlander's Weg zum NS-Genozid. Von der Euthanasie zur Endlösung. ("The Origins of Nazi Genocide. From Euthanasia to the Final Solution"), Berlin, 1997, ISBN 3-8270-0265-6, p 190, and Ernst Klee (ed.)'s Dokumente zur "Euthanasie", ("Documents on Euthanasia"), Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag No. 4327, Frankfurt, 1985, ISBN 3-596-24327-0, p. 232
- ^ The quotation is found along with other figures in Ralph George Reuth's Joseph Goebbels - Diaries, Volume 4, Munich, 1992, ISBN 3-492-21414-2, p. 1525. In the new edition, published in 1998 by Elke Frohlich, the figures are corrected as a reading error and are as stated here. See also: Heinz Faulstich: Goebbels Diaries and the Cessation of "Action T4" In: Christian Gerlach (ed.): Durchschnittstäter – Handeln und Motivation ("Average Criminal" - Action and Motivation, (Contributions to the History of National Socialism, Vol. 16), Berlin, 2000, ISBN 3-922611-84-2, p. 211
- ^ Heinz Faulstich: Goebbels’ Tagebücher und der Abbruch der "Aktion T4"., p. 211
- ^ Henry Friedlander: The Origins of Nazi Genocide. From Euthanasia to the Final Solution. Berlin 1997, ISBN 3-8270-0265-6, page 191
- ^ Uwe Dietrich Adam: Diskussionsbeitrag. In: Eberhard Jäckel, Jürgen Rohwer (Hrsg.): Der Mord an den Juden im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Frankfurt,1987, ISBN 3-596-24380-7, p. 87.
- ^ Ernst Klee: Euthanasia in the Third Reich. Fully reworked, new edition, Frankfurt, 2010, ISBN 978-3-596-18674-7, p. 266.
- ^ Ernst Klee: Euthanasia in the Third Reich., Frankfurt 2010, ISBN 978-3-596-18674-7, p. 266.
- ^ Friedländer, Saul (2009). The Years of Extermination: Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1939–1945 (Google Books). HarperCollins. p. 432. ISBN 0-06-198000-5.
- For other relevant literature see Action T4
Further reading
edit- Friedrich Karl Kaul: Nazimordaktion T4, Verlag Volk und Gesundheit, Berlin 1972
- Dietmar Schulze: "Euthanasie" in Bernburg. Die Landes-Heil- und Pflegeanstalt Bernburg/Anhaltische Nervenklinik in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus. Verlag Die Blaue Eule, Essen 1999, ISBN 3-89206-954-9.
- Ernst Klee (ed.): Dokumente zur "Euthanasie". Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag No. 4327, Frankfurt am Main 1985, ISBN 3-596-24327-0.
- Frank Hirschinger: Zur Ausmerzung freigegeben. Halle und die Landesheilanstalt Altscherbitz 1933-1945. Böhlau, Cologne, 2001, ISBN 3-412-06901-9.
- Ute Hoffmann: Todesursache „Angina“. Zwangssterilisationen und Euthanasie in der Landes- Heil- und Pflegeanstalt Bernburg. Ministry of the Interior for the State of Saxony-Anhalt, Magdeburg, 1996.
External links
edit- Memorial site (in German)
- Online presence of the Saxony-Anhalt State Institute for Teacher Continuation Training (Landesinstitut Lehrerfortbildung Sachsen-Anhalt) See: 1940 – 1941: Euthanasie in Bernburg (in German)
- Euthanasia in the Bernburg Extermination Centre - School project on local history (in German)