Betty Meggers

Betty Meggers
Betty Meggers
	Meggers in 2000
Born	December 5, 1921
Died	July 2, 2012 (aged 90)
Alma mater	University of Pennsylvania, University of Michigan, Columbia University
	Scientific career
Fields	Anthropology in South America
Institutions	National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution

Betty Jane Meggers (December 5, 1921 – July 2, 2012) was an American archaeologist best known for her work in South America. She was considered influential at the Smithsonian Institution, where she was long associated in research,^[1] and she wrote extensively about environment as a shaper of human cultures.

Education and personal life

Betty Jane Meggers was born in Washington, D.C., to Dr. William Frederick Meggers and Edith R. Meggers. Her father was an internationally recognized spectroscopist as well as an archaeology enthusiast. He often took the family to visit Native American sites.^[2]

Betty Meggers graduated from the University of Pennsylvania with a bachelor's degree in 1943 and a year later earned a master's degree from the University of Michigan. After obtaining her master's degree, Meggers attended Columbia University to complete her Ph.D. Meggers's dissertation, entitled The Archaeological Sequence on Marajo Island, Brazil with Special Reference to the Marajoara Culture. She completed her dissertation in 1952.^[3]

While at Columbia, Meggers met Clifford Evans, another archaeology graduate student. On September 13, 1946, the two were married.

After a long career, Meggers died on July 2, 2012.^[4]

Research

Most of Meggers's research was concentrated in South America, particularly in Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, Chile, Brazil, and Guyana. She also conducted research in the Lesser Antilles and Micronesia.

She first worked in anthropology at the age of 16, volunteering at the Smithsonian Institution and helping to reconstruct pots excavated from Pueblo Bonito, an Ancestral Pueblo village in New Mexico.^[5]

At the University of Michigan, Meggers was introduced to ancient ceramics from Marajó Island, in the Amazon Basin of Brazil. She published her first scientific article on the Marajoara culture in 1945.^[6]

In 1954, Meggers proposed her environmental limitation theory, relating the idea of productivity of environment to complexity of society. She suggested that environmental and agricultural resources acted as a limit on cultural complexity.^[7] Partly as a result of this theory, Meggers was among those who believed that early cultures did not develop in the Amazon basin. She thought settlements were established by migrants from highland areas. In the early 21st century, new archeological finds have begun to overturn her conclusions.^[7]

In the 1960s, Meggers and Evans proposed a controversial diffusionist theory to explain similarities between the pottery of the Valdivia culture in Ecuador, dated to 2700 BC, and the pottery of the Early and Middle Jōmon on the island of Kyushu, Japan.^[8] During Meggers and Evans's initial period of work in Ecuador, "Ceramic Phase A" of Valdivia was believed to be the oldest pottery produced in South America. Meggers bolstered her argument that trans-Pacific migrants from Japan were responsible for this pottery by noting that plants, pathogens, and parasites of Japanese origin are found among Andean populations.^[9] Her theory was challenged by other archaeologists due to the distance between Ecuador and Japan, and a lack of evidence for complex Jōmon sailing technologies. Excavations in the early 1970s by other researchers found pottery at Valdivia and related sites pre-dating Phase A.^[10] Archeologists thus generally now believe that pottery rose independently in the Valdivia and preceding cultures.

Meggers and Evans also developed a system by which pottery fragments could be analyzed. In addition, Meggers was among the first to examine environmental influences on ancient societies and to frame culture as an adaptation by humans to the environment.^[11]^[12]

Publications

Meggers wrote nearly two hundred articles, book reviews, translations, and books. Meggers translation of Luis Guillermo Lumbreras's The Peoples and Cultures of Ancient Peru was widely used and helped to build a close relationship between archaeological communities in Peru and the United States. Along with Clifford Evans and Marcia Koth, she encouraged younger Peruvians to study Peruvian archaeology at doctoral and postdoctoral levels.^[13]

Meggers published in many leading scientific journals such as American Anthropologist, American Antiquity, Science, and Scientific American. In addition, she published in less-specialized magazines including Archaeology, Americas, and National Geographic.

Professional affiliations

Meggers was affiliated with the following:

1950-1951: Instructor for the American University in Washington, D.C.
Since 1954: Research Associate for the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C.
1959-1961: Executive Secretary of the American Anthropological Association

At the time of her death in 2012, she was:

Principal Investigator of the Programa Nacional de Pesquisas Arqueologicas na Bacia Amazonica (PRONAPABA)
Director of the Latin American Archaeology Program at the National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution)

Awards

Meggers was widely acknowledged for her contributions to the field of archaeology and South American studies. Some of her awards are:

1956: Washington Academy of Sciences Award for Scientific Achievement
1966: Decoration of Merit from the Government of Ecuador
1966: 37th International Congress of Americanists Gold Medal
1985: Society for American Archaeology, 50th Anniversary Award
1997: Medalla de "La Periquera" from the Museo Provincial de Holgun, Cuba
1997: Doctor Honoris Causa from the Universidad Nacional de la Plata, Argentina
1998: Meggers & Evans awarded for "their contribution to our National Identity" by the Embassy of Ecuador, Washington, D.C.

References

^ "SCIENTIST AT WORK: Anna C. Roosevelt; Sharp and To the Point In Amazonia", New York Times, 23 April 1996, accessed 24 April 2016
^ "Betty Meggers". The Times. August 6, 2012. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 2021-03-25.
^ Barnes, Monica (December 15, 2013). "Betty Jane Meggers (December 5, 1921 - July 2, 2012)". Andean Past. 11 (published 2013): 1–6.
^ "ARQUEOTROP: Betty J. Meggers (1921-2012)". Arqueologiadaflorestatropical.blogspot.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2012-12-23. Retrieved 2012-09-07.
^ Núñez, Lautaro; Sandoval, Abelardo (2013). "Editorial: Betty J. Meggers y Su Trascendental Dedicación Hemisférica a la Arqueología Latinoamericana / Betty J. Meggers and Her Trascendental Hemispheric Dedication to Latin American Archaeology". Chungara: Revista de Antropología Chilena. 45 (4): 505–514. JSTOR 24588291.
^ Bennicoff, Tad (March 7, 2017). "Betty J. Meggers: Pioneer in Environmental Archaeology". Smithsonian Institution Archives. Archived from the original on 2017-03-14.
^ ^a ^b Tainter, Joseph A. (1 October 2006). "Archaeology of Overshoot and Collapse". Annual Review of Anthropology. 35 (1): 59–74. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.35.081705.123136. ISSN 0084-6570. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
^ Meggers, Betty. Prehistoric America: An Ecological Perspective, 3rd expanded ed. Transaction Publishers. New Brunswick, New Jersey. 2010. page xxi
^ Meggers, Betty. Prehistoric America: An Ecological Perspective, 3rd expanded ed. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 2010, page xxv
^ Silberman, Neil Asher Silberman; Bauer, Alexander, eds. (2012). The Oxford Companion to Archaeology, Volume 1 (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 335. ISBN 9780199735785. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
^ Meggers, Betty. Prehistoric America: An Ecological Perspective, 3rd expanded ed. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 2010, page xxxiii
^ Meggers, Betty J. (1996). Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise. Revised ed. Smithsonian Books. 214 pp. ISBN 9781560986553.
^ Burger, R L (1 October 1989). "An Overview of Peruvian Archaeology (1976-1986)". Annual Review of Anthropology. 18 (1): 37–69. doi:10.1146/annurev.an.18.100189.000345. ISSN 0084-6570. Retrieved 20 January 2022.