Bhakta Bir Singh Tuladhar (Nepali: भक्तवीरसिंह तुलाधर) (1912 - 1989) was a Nepalese merchant and philanthropist. He held a special Samyak (सम्यक) ceremony in 1952 when the country was passing through a political crisis, and the Buddhist alms-giving festival became of crucial importance for both sides in the power struggle.[1]
Business in Tibet
editBhakta Bir Singh was born to father Samyak Singh (also known as Samek Ratna)[2] and mother Sānu Māyā Tuladhar in Kathmandu. The family home was located at Nhyokhā (न्ह्योखा), a neighborhood in the historical section of Kathmandu. He was married to Laxmi Hirā Kansakar, and was popularly known as Bhagat Sāhu.
The Tuladhars owned a business house in Lhasa, and following in the footsteps of his merchant ancestors, Bhakta Bir Singh went to Tibet to manage the family shop at a young age. He divided his time between Kathmandu, Lhasa and Kalimpong in India, a trade center and staging point for mule caravans to Tibet.[3]
Samyak and the revolution
editBhakta Bir Singh's father Samyak Singh had made a pledge in 1950 to sponsor a special Samyak next year, and issued invitations to the ceremony, but he died while the preparations were being made. His sons went ahead with the arrangements to hold it as scheduled. However, the Nepalese revolution broke out, and their plans got caught in the middle. Since Samyak requires the presence of the head of state, Bhakta Bir Singh and his brothers were put in a difficult position regarding whom to invite.[4]
In November 1950, King Tribhuvan went into exile in New Delhi, India in an attempt to bring down the Rana regime which held real power in the country. The Ranas then made his grandson Gyanendra the king.[5] They pressed Bhakta Bir Singh to hold Samyak with Gyanendra presiding over it in order to grant him cultural endorsement. The freedom fighters, meanwhile, threatened him not to do so. Bhakta Bir Singh found a way out of the dilemma by citing his father's recent death and deferring the event.[6]
The Ranas were overthrown in February 1951, and Tribhuvan returned to Nepal. A year later, the postponed Samyak was held on 15 January 1952 with Tribhuvan presiding over it. A stone mandala was installed at the venue at Bhuikhel to commemorate the event.[7] The religious celebration was seen as an affirmation of the king's triumph in the power struggle against the hereditary prime ministers the Ranas.[8]
Samyak commemorates the practice of giving to the Buddhas and monks in the Newar Buddhist tradition. It is spread over three days, and is held at Kathmandu Durbar Square and the field at the foot of Swayambhu hill. During the ceremony, hundreds of images of Dīpankara Buddha are assembled, and gifts of different types of food are made to the deities and the Buddhist community.[9][10]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Regmi Research Series". Regmi Research Series, Issues 1-99. 1968. p. 60.
- ^ von Fürer Haimendorf, Christoph (1966). Caste and Kin in Nepal, India and Ceylon: Anthropological Studies in Hindu-Buddhist Contact Zones. Asia Publishing House. p. 128. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
- ^ Tuladhar, Kamal Ratna (2011). Caravan to Lhasa: A Merchant of Kathmandu in Traditional Tibet (2nd ed.). Lijala & Tisa. p. 109. ISBN 978-99946-58-91-6.
- ^ Gautama, Rājeśa (2005). Nepali Congress. Adroit Publishers. p. 367. ISBN 9788187392613.
- ^ Kraemer, Karl-Heinz. "The Revolution of 1950/51". Nepal Research. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
- ^ Tuladhar, Daman Raj (1980). Contemporary Nepal, 1945-1955. Laxmi Publications. p. 243.
- ^ Shakya, Hem Raj (2004). Sri Svayambhu Mahacaitya (1st ed.). Svayambhu Vikash Mandala. p. 617. ISBN 99933-864-0-5.
- ^ Buffetrille, Katia, ed. (2012). Revisiting Rituals in a Changing Tibetan World. BRILL. p. 232. ISBN 9789004232174.
- ^ Lewis, Todd Thornton (2000). Popular Buddhist Texts from Nepal: Narratives and Rituals of Newar Buddhism. State University of New York Press. ISBN 9780791446119. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
- ^ Lewis, Todd T. (January 1996). "Notes on the Uray and the Modernization of Newar Buddhism" (PDF). Contributions to Nepalese Studies. Retrieved 8 August 2013. Page 112.