Over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, COVID-19 vaccine mandates have been enacted by numerous states and municipalities in the United States, and also by private entities. In September 2021, President Joe Biden announced that the federal government would take steps to mandate COVID-19 vaccination for certain entities under the authority of the federal government or federal agencies. Most federal mandates thus imposed were either overturned through litigation, or withdrawn by the administration, although a mandate on health care workers in institutions receiving Medicare and Medicaid funds was upheld. All federal mandates were lifted when the national emergency was declared to have ended in May 2023. A small number of states have gone in the opposite direction, through executive orders or legislation designed to limit vaccination mandates.
Background
A precedent for mandatory vaccination already existed before the Covid pandemic, as healthcare workers performing exposure-prone procedures were required to be vaccinated against seriously communicable diseases like Hepatitis B.[4]
When acting as president-elect in December 2020, Biden said he did not intend to mandate that all citizens receive a COVID-19 vaccine, arguing that "I will do everything in my power as president to encourage people to do the right thing and when they do it, demonstrate that it matters." BBC News writer Anthony Zurcher felt that Biden avoided a general mandate due to the "stubbornly pervasive" anti-vaccine movement in the country, which "could create a groundswell of opposition that would prove counterproductive to public health."[5] Furthermore, in April 2021, the Biden administration ruled out plans for a federal database, "credential", or "passport" to verify COVID-19 vaccination status, citing data privacy and discrimination concerns.[6]
Worker and traveler mandates
Private mandates
As of July 2021, vaccination mandates have largely been enforced by means of employers, including private businesses and governmental divisions,[7][8] while some private businesses such as restaurants and event promoters may also decline to serve customers if they do not present proof of vaccination.[9][10][11] In August 2021, several cities announced plans to require proof of vaccination for patrons of certain types of non-essential indoor venues.[12][13][14]
In some cases, provisions that are described as a vaccine mandate are officially termed as a constraint requiring those who are not fully-vaccinated for COVID-19 to undergo regular testing—thus allowing for medical or religious exemptions to be fulfilled when needed.[7][8][15][16]
In June 2021, the initial EUA status of the vaccines led to challenges as to whether such mandates were legal,[17] as FDA regulations state that a person must be informed "of the option to accept or refuse administration of the product, of the consequences, if any, of refusing administration of the product, and of the alternatives to the product that are available and of their benefits and risks". As these regulations refer to an "option to accept or refuse", some opponents of vaccination initially questioned whether a vaccine issued under EUA can be mandated as a vaccination policy.[18][19] However, courts addressing the issue uniformly held that such mandates were permissible, with the court in Klaassen v. Indiana University in particular addressing this subject at length.
In May 2021, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) issued guidance stating that employers can require their employees to be vaccinated, unless covered by an exemption under the Americans with Disabilities Act (medical exemptions) or Title VII of the Civil Rights Act (religious exemptions).[17][20][21] By contrast, a presidential waiver would have been required for the U.S. military to mandate vaccination while still under EUA status.[22] When the Pfizer vaccine formally received FDA approval in August 2021, it was anticipated that more organizations and employers would become willing to introduce vaccine mandates.[23][24]
In order to protect their employees and patrons, some businesses and entities may mandate that their on-site employees be vaccinated. Some employers were initially hesitant to impose vaccine requirements, citing concerns over their validity due to the present EUAs among other factors. A June 2021 survey of companies found that only 3% planned to implement a vaccine mandate.[25][26] Some businesses may also voluntarily require that their customers or patrons present proof of vaccination or a recent negative test in order to receive service or access.[9]
However, by late-July 2021 due to the threat of Delta variant, a number of major private employers across many industries announced vaccination requirements for employees.[27] Similar mandates were announced for California state employees,[8][15] and federal employees and contractors.[7]
Many U.S. colleges and universities, both public and privately owned, have started requiring students to be vaccinated before attending in-person classes in fall 2021. This has led to a black market in counterfeit CDC vaccination cards for students who want to violate this requirement instead of attending a different school.[28]
The National Football League made rule changes intended to place liabilities on players who are not vaccinated, including monetary fines for each individual violation of COVID-19 protocol, and making teams liable for games canceled due to COVID-19 outbreaks involving unvaccinated players if they cannot be made up during the regular season (which will count as a loss by forfeit, and require the team to pay financial compensation to the opposing team).[29][30]
In mid-August 2021, Anschutz Entertainment Group (AEG) and Live Nation Entertainment both announced that they will mandate vaccination at their venues (where legally possible) in October 2021, with AEG requiring all attendees, staff and performers to be vaccinated with no exceptions effective October 1, and Live Nation requiring attendees to be vaccinated or have recently tested negative for COVID-19 effective October 4.[11]
Federal mandates
In September 2021, Biden announced the Biden administration COVID-19 action plan, a six-point plan of new measures to help control the pandemic, which included new executive orders and regulatory actions to effectively mandate vaccination for COVID-19 among a large swath of the American workforce. Executive orders were announced directing all federal agencies to mandate the vaccination of their employees (with exceptions as required by law, and no option for regular testing in lieu of vaccination)[31] per guidance to be developed by the Safer Federal Workforce Task Force, and all future government contracts to include a clause requiring compliance with guidance to be developed by the Safer Federal Workforce Task Force (likely to include a similar mandate).[31] The administration set a November 22, 2021 deadline for most federal employees to be fully vaccinated and a January 4, 2022 deadline for federal contractors to be vaccinated.[32]
In September 2021, the employees of all federally-funded Medicaid and Medicare-certified health care facilities, and Head Start program facilities, were required to be vaccinated, as ordered through the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).[33][34][31] Companies with more than 100 employees could either require vaccination for all (and give their workers four hours' paid time off for their vaccination appointments); or require any unvaccinated employees to wear masks and be tested weekly for COVID-19, according to an Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Emergency Temporary Standard.[35][36] These two policies together —federally-funded healthcare facilities and large companies— would apply to 100 million workers and were scheduled to take effect on January 4, 2022.[32]
By September 2021, many Republicans asserted Biden's order was an unconstitutional overreach of federal authority, and some Republican governors said they would sue to block it.[37] Despite the network being specifically cited by Biden during his speech as a major employer with vaccine requirements, Fox News pundits criticized Biden; Sean Hannity described Biden as having "cancelled all medical freedom".[38][39] The next day, Biden responded to the threats, stating "Have at it. Look, I am so disappointed that, particularly some of the Republican governors have been so cavalier with the health of these kids, so cavalier with the health of their communities. We're playing for real here, this isn't a game, and I don't know of any scientist out there in this field that doesn't think it makes considerable sense to do the six things I've suggested."[40]
In November 2021, the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals stayed the mandate and ordered OSHA take no steps to implement or enforce the Emergency Temporary Standard.[41] The United States Supreme Court took up emergencies requests to determine if both the OSHA and healthcare facilities mandates can be enforced while litigation continued at lower courts, with oral arguments for both cases held on January 7, 2022.[42]
On January 13, 2022, the Supreme Court ruled in National Federation of Independent Business v. Occupational Safety and Health Administration that OSHA did not have the authority to enforce the mandate to private companies while ruling in favor of the mandate for healthcare workers in Biden v. Missouri.[43] In the OSHA case, the court issued a per curiam decision that stated that OSHA's mandate exceeded their congressional authority that only covered workplace hazards and not broad public ones, and that it should be left to Congress and the states to determine the response to pandemics like COVID-19. A dissenting minority opinion from Justices Stephen Breyer, Sonia Sotomayor, and Elena Kagan states that OSHA is the best agency to determine how to protect workers and that courts should not impede OSHA's actions on occupational safety related to COVID-19.[44] In the healthcare workers' mandate, the per curiam opinion found that this fell within the congressional authority given to the HHS in the use of Medicare and Medicaid funds as to further protect the patients they deal with, and vacated the stay on this mandate ordered by the Eighth Circuit. Both Justices Clarence Thomas and Samuel Alito wrote dissenting opinions, each joined by Justices Neil Gorsuch and Amy Coney Barrett. Both opinions stated that the mandate was too broad to likely apply to the limited congressional authority that HHS was given.[44] On January 25, 2022, the White House officially withdrew the OSHA mandate after its defeat in the Supreme Court to focus on other options that may stand a better chance of surviving appeals.[45]
In May 2023, the White House announced the lifting of vaccination mandates for government employees and contractors, and for international travelers to the United States.[46]
List of current mandates
Federal vaccine mandates
Several federal vaccine mandates were suspended by courts or withdrawn by the administration during their pendency. All remaining mandates were withdrawn by the administration as of May 11, 2023.
Applicability | Scope | Authority | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Federal contractors | Requires U.S. Government contractors to be vaccinated by 18 January 2022, unless granted a medical or religious exception. | Executive Order 14042 | [47] | |
Health care workers | Requires healthcare workers at any facility that receives funding from the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services to be vaccinated by 4 January 2022, unless granted a medical or religious exception. | Omnibus COVID-19 Health Care Staff Vaccination Rule | [48] | |
Private sector employees | Requires employees of businesses with 100 or more employees to be vaccinated by 6 January 2022 or undergo weekly testing. | OSHA Emergency Temporary Standard on Vaccines and Testing | [49] | |
Federal government employees | Requires federal government employees to be vaccinated by 22 November 2021, unless granted a medical or religious exception. | Executive Order 14043 | [50] | |
Military personnel | Requires military personnel to be vaccinated by various deadlines from November 2, 2021 (U.S. Air Force) to June 2022 (certain reserve components), unless granted a medical or religious exception. | Memorandum from the Secretary of Defense of 24 August 2021 | [51] | |
Noncitizen air travelers | Requires noncitizens, with certain exceptions, traveling to the United States by airplane to be vaccinated by the date of entry. Exceptions include persons under age 18, airplane crews, diplomats, permanent residents, citizens of one of 43 nations with limited vaccine availability, persons issued exemptions due to humanitarian or national security reasons, vaccine trial participants, and those with documented medical contraindications to vaccination. | Presidential Proclamation of 25 October 2021 | [52] |
State and territorial vaccine mandates for workers
Several states have enacted vaccine mandates for certain employees.
State | State government workers | Health care workers | Educational workers | Hospitality workers | Testing alternative |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
California | Yes | Yes | Yes[53] | Yes (except for healthcare workers) | |
Maine | Yes[54] | No | |||
Washington | Yes[55] | Yes | Yes[56] | ||
Hawaii | Yes | Yes | |||
Delaware | Yes[57] | ||||
Minnesota | Yes[58] | ||||
Pennsylvania | Yes (if involved in healthcare settings)[59] | Yes | |||
Oregon | Yes (in October, for executive branch employees)[60] | Yes[61] | Yes[61] | ||
New York | Yes (by September 6)[62] | Yes[63] | |||
Illinois | Partial (for workers in high-contact settings)[64] | Yes[65] | |||
New Mexico | Yes[66] | ||||
Vermont | Partial (for workers in high-contact settings)[67] | ||||
Maryland | Partial (for workers in corrections, veterans and healthcare settings)[68] | Yes[69] | |||
District of Columbia | Yes[70] | Yes (by September 30)[71] | |||
Guam | Partial (for executive branch workers)[72] | ||||
Puerto Rico | Yes[73] | Yes | Yes[74] | Yes | Yes |
Connecticut | Yes[75] | Partial (for nursing home workers)[76] | Yes | Yes | |
Rhode Island | Yes[77] | ||||
Massachusetts | Yes[78] | Partial (for nursing home workers)[79] | |||
Colorado | Yes[80] | ||||
New Jersey | Yes[81] | Partial (State-owned health care agencies, correctional facilities)[82] | Yes | Yes |
County and municipal vaccine mandates for workers
City or county | State | City/county government workers | Health care workers | Educational workers | Hospitality workers | Testing alternative |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tucson | Arizona | Yes[83] | Yes | |||
Boston | Massachusetts | Yes[84] | Yes | |||
Los Angeles | California | Yes[85] | Yes | |||
New York City | New York | Yes[86] | Yes[87] | Yes | ||
San Diego | California | Yes[88] | Yes | |||
Jackson | Mississippi | Yes[89] | Yes | |||
Newark | New Jersey | Yes[90] | Yes | |||
Hoboken | New Jersey | Yes[91] | Yes | |||
Richmond | Virginia | Yes[92] | Yes | |||
Denver | Colorado | Yes[93] | Yes | |||
Pasadena | California | Yes[94] | Yes | |||
New Bedford | Massachusetts | Yes[95] | Yes | |||
San Jose | California | Yes[96] | Yes | |||
New Orleans | Louisiana | Yes[97] | Yes | |||
San Francisco | California | Yes[98] | Yes | |||
Aquinnah | Massachusetts | Yes[99] | Yes | |||
Philadelphia | Pennsylvania | Yes[100] | ||||
Portland | Oregon | Yes (by September 10)[101] | ||||
Seattle | Washington | Yes[102] | ||||
King County | Washington | Yes[102] | ||||
Providence | Rhode Island | Yes[103] | ||||
St. Louis | Missouri | Yes[104] | ||||
Sacramento | California | Yes[105] | ||||
Chicago | Illinois | Yes[106] |
Mandates for entry to private facilities
Vaccination incentives were used in California and New York as part of their easing of restrictions in mid-2021; New York allowed seating sections of outdoor venues to operate at full capacity if they were exclusive to vaccinated attendees,[107] and California allowed venues to operate at a higher capacity than normally allowed under its Blueprint for a Safer Economy framework if all patrons present proof of vaccination or a recent negative test.[108]
With the increased spread of Delta variant in the United States and to overcome vaccine hesitancy, several major U.S. cities announced in August 2021 that individuals 12 and older would be required to present proof of vaccination in order to enter certain non-essential indoor businesses, such as gyms, dine-in restaurants, bars, and entertainment venues;[13][12][14]
- On August 3, 2021, Mayor of New York City Bill de Blasio announced that a vaccine mandate known as Key to NYC Pass would take effect August 16, with enforcement beginning September 13. Anyone 12 and older must present proof that they have received at least one vaccine dose (using either a physical record, the state Excelsior Pass app, or the city's NYC COVID Safe app) in order to enter indoor gyms, bars, restaurants, and entertainment venues.[109][13][110][111] Ahead of the announcement, The Broadway League, Carnegie Hall, and the Metropolitan Opera had announced similar policies, with the latter two also prohibiting attendees younger than 12 from attending shows.[10]
- San Francisco announced a vaccine mandate on August 12, 2021, requiring the patrons of indoor bars, restaurants, and any entertainment venue that serves food or drink, to be fully-vaccinated.[12]
- New Orleans also announced a vaccine or negative test requirement on August 12, 2021, effective August 23, mandating that patrons of indoor venues such as gyms, restaurants, casinos, arenas, and stadiums, as well as any outdoor gathering of more than 500 people that exceeds half of the venue's total capacity, present proof of vaccination or recent negative test.[14]
- On September 10, 2021, West Hollywood, California announced that by October 11, patrons 18 and older of the indoor portions of health and fitness facilities, personal care facilities, and any venue that serves food and drink indoors, must be fully-vaccinated.[112]
- On September 14, 2021, Contra Costa County, California announced that a health order requiring patrons 12 and older of indoor gyms, bars, restaurants, and entertainment venues to be fully-vaccinated, effective September 22. The employees of such venues must also be fully-vaccinated by November 1, 2021, or they must be tested weekly for COVID-19.[113]
- On September 15, 2021, the Los Angeles County Department of Public Health (LAC DPH) announced that effective October 7, proof of at least one vaccine dose will be required to enter indoor bars and nightclubs, and outdoor events with more than 10,000 people. Beginning November 4, full vaccination will be required.[114]
- On August 11, 2021, Los Angeles City Council unanimously approved a motion proposing an ordinance requiring patrons 12 and older of indoor public spaces to have received at least one vaccine dose.[115][116] On October 6, 2021, the ordinance was approved, taking effect November 8;[117] it is stricter than the Los Angeles County order, applying to all indoor restaurants, bars, shopping malls, recreation and entertainment venues, personal care services, and the indoor areas of city facilities. It also applies to outdoor events with more than 5,000 people.[118]
- On December 13, 2021, the Philadelphia Department of Public Health announced a vaccination requirement for entry to any indoor establishment that serves food or drink on the premises. This includes bars, restaurants, movie theaters, sports venues, and bowling alleys, among other establishments. Effective January 3, 2022, all patrons over age 5 must display proof of vaccination. During the first two weeks of the mandate, a negative COVID test within 24 hours will be accepted; starting on January 17, negative tests will no longer be accepted, and only proof of vaccination will be accepted.[119]
- On December 21, 2021, the Chicago Department of Public Health announced a vaccination requirement for entry to restaurants, bars, gyms, and entertainment venues in the city. Effective January 3, 2022, all patrons above the age of five entering such businesses are required to provide proof of full vaccination and covered businesses must keep records of their protocol for implementing the order.[120][121][122][123]
- On December 23, 2021, the Cook County Department of Public Health issued an order nearly identical to that of Chicago's covering the suburban portion of the county over which it has jurisdiction (excluding only Chicago, Evanston, Skokie, Oak Park, and Stickney Township).[124][125][126] However, several municipalities within the county announced that they would refuse to enforce the county's order.[127]
- On December 23, 2021, Mayor of Newark, New Jersey Ras J. Baraka announced a vaccination requirement for entry to indoor restaurants, bars, movie theaters, gyms, sports venues, concert venues, bowling alleys, and auditoriums/convention centers. Effective January 10, all patrons over age 5 must display proof of at least one COVID vaccination dose. Starting February 10, proof of full vaccination must be displayed.[128][129]
- On December 23, 2021, Skokie, Illinois issued an order in line with those of Chicago and Cook County, but entering into effect later on January 10, 2022.[130][131][132]
- On December 28, 2021, Oak Park, Illinois issued an order in line with that of Skokie, also entering into effect on January 10, 2022.[133][134][135]
- On December 29, 2021, Highland Park, Illinois issued an order similar to Cook County's and Chicago's, covering dining establishments and entertainment venues although excluding gyms, entering into effect on January 7, 2022.[136][137][138]
- On December 30, 2021, Evanston, Illinois issued a similar order to those issued by Skokie and Oak Park, also entering into effect January 10, 2022.[139][140][141]
- On January 12, 2022, the mayors of Minneapolis and St. Paul announced a vaccination or negative test requirement for entry to indoor restaurants, bars, movie theaters, gyms, sports venues, concert venues, bowling alleys, and auditoriums/convention centers. Effective January 19, all patrons over age 5 must display proof of vaccination or a negative COVID test taken within the past 72 hours for entry into non-ticketed establishments. For ticketed events, the regulation goes into effect on January 26.[142][143]
Political views
As with mask mandates support and opposition towards mandates and proof of vaccination by businesses has largely fallen along party lines with Democrats mostly supporting such measures and Republicans mostly against, however people who claim a variety of political ideologies consider mandates to be harmful and an unacceptable infringement of personal freedom and choice despite having a personal belief in the safety and necessity of the vaccines.[144] Concern for human rights also has an influence on people across the ideological spectrum. Compulsory vaccination is an interference with the human right of bodily integrity, which is a part of the right to private life enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as well as in the European Convention on Human Rights. However, not every interference with this right is automatically illegal.[145] Media has also contributed to the politicizing of mandates.[146] Restrictions have not only sparked severe protests by groups of citizens, but also resulted in the strengthening of populist movements and their political representatives, who are generally skeptical of policies that help to stem the spread of the COVID-19 virus a phenomenon labeled as 'medical populism'[147]
As of August 12, 2021 20 states all controlled by Republicans have passed legislation or issued executive orders prohibiting state agencies from issuing vaccine passports or otherwise requiring proof of vaccination as a condition of service.[146] Alabama,[148] Florida,[149] Iowa,[150] Montana,[151] and Texas[152] also prohibit private businesses from requiring proof of vaccination as a condition of service, with the Florida order threatening fines of $5,000 per-instance,[153] the Montana order terming it as a prohibition of "discrimination" on the basis of vaccination status (with exceptions for long-term care facilities and public schools),[154][151] and the Texas order enforceable by state licensing agencies (such as the Texas Alcoholic Beverage Commission, which has threatened to revoke the liquor licenses of establishments that request proof of vaccination in violation of state law).[155] Texas is also the only state where event requirements for even a negative COVID-19 test is prohibited.[155] The Iowa ban prohibits businesses requiring proof of vaccination from receiving state grants and contracts.[150] There have also been bills enacted or introduced to prohibit employers from enforcing vaccine mandates, and prohibiting vaccine mandates that apply to students.[156]
Some politicians such as Marjorie Taylor Greene have claimed that under the Privacy Rule of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), individuals may not be asked to provide their vaccination status.[157] The Privacy Rule only applies to specific "protected health information" being stored by a "covered entity" (such as a health plan, health insurer, health care clearinghouse, or medical service provider), and does not generally prohibit private businesses or employers from requesting information on vaccination status directly from individuals.[158][159][160]
In February 2023, Idaho state senator Tammy Nichols introduced a bill proposing that it be a misdemeanor to administer any mRNA vaccine.[161]
Legal challenges
Several states have executive orders or passed laws completely prohibiting or limiting COVID-19 vaccine mandates for employers to include various exemptions including proof of antibodies, weekly testing or personal protective equipment use[162] and allow employees who lose jobs for refusing a COVID-19 vaccine to collect unemployment benefits until they can find a job that does not mandate vaccination. Arkansas, Florida, Iowa, Kansas, and Tennessee have all passed laws that allow workers who are fired for refusing COVID-19 vaccine mandates to collect unemployment benefits.[163] A sixth state, Nebraska, issued a Department of Labor Guidance Document that provides the same protection – an individual "who began work for an employer prior to an employer instituting a COVID-19 vaccine requirement" and is discharged for refusing the mandate would not be disqualified from receiving unemployment and at least 15 other states are in the process of passing legislation.[164]
The following 22 states have laws prohibiting proof of COVID-19 vaccination for service by state and local government entities: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Missouri, Montana, North Dakota, New Hampshire, Oklahoma, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah and Wyoming.[a][162]
The following 17 states have laws prohibiting schools from mandating COVID-19 vaccines for students: Idaho, Utah, Arizona, Montana, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Kansas, Texas, Arkansas, Indiana, Ohio, Tennessee, Alabama, South Carolina, Georgia, New Hampshire and Florida.[165]
On January 26, 2022, the Attorney General of Virginia issued a legal opinion that said "State universities cannot require the Covid-19 vaccine for students to attend in-person or enroll, unless the commonwealth's legislature includes it among required immunizations for colleges."[166] "The legal guidance, which is not equivalent to law, has no direct consequences if it isn't followed," the Attorney General's office said. "But if an individual decided to sue a university for not following the attorney general's guidance, they could use the Attorney General's opinion in court." In his guidance, Miyares writes that "Virginia's higher education public institutions fall under the control of the General Assembly, which has enacted statutes governing student health and outlined certain immunizations that students need to enroll. Absent specific authority conferred by the General Assembly, public institutions of higher education in Virginia may not require vaccination against COVID-19 as a general condition of students' enrollment or in-person attendance."[167] Within a week Virginia's largest public universities ended their COVID-19 vaccination requirement for students to attend in person or to enroll. Virginia Tech, George Mason University, the University of Virginia and Virginia Commonwealth University announced updates in their policies for the ongoing spring semester. Other Virginia public universities including James Madison University, the College of William & Mary and Old Dominion University, also announced they are ending their COVID-19 vaccination requirements for students.[168]
On February 4, 2022, 16 states filed a new lawsuit challenging the federal CMS mandate, the lawsuit was filed in U.S. District Court for the Western District of Louisiana.[169] This lawsuit follows a Texas post Supreme Court ruling lawsuit filed in Texas that was dismissed.[170]
On May 29, 2021, a lawsuit was filed by 117 employees of Houston Methodist Hospital, who were fired for refusing to comply with the hospital's vaccine mandate.[171] The lawsuit was dismissed by district judge Lynn Hughes roughly a couple weeks later.[25] An appeal was filed following the ruling.[172]
In July 2021, Norwegian Cruise Line sued the Surgeon General of Florida over the state's prohibition of vaccine mandates by private businesses.[173] In August district judge Kathleen M. Williams issued a preliminary injunction in favor of Norwegian, stating that the government failed to "provide a valid evidentiary, factual, or legal predicate" and that "documentary proof of vaccination will expedite passengers' entry into virtually every single country and port where Plaintiffs intend to sail."[174][175]
A vaccine mandate being enforced by Indiana University requiring those who are not vaccinated for COVID-19 to submit to weekly testing if they attend in-person classes was challenged by a group of eight students who argued in Klaassen v. Indiana University that risks of the vaccines outweighed the benefits and that it was a violation of the 14th Amendment. District judge Damon R. Leichty rejected a motion for a preliminary injunction, ruling that the university had a right to "a reasonable and due process of vaccination in the legitimate interest of public health for its students, faculty and staff", that the students had alternatives such as agreeing to testing or applying for an exemption, remote learning, or going to a different university if they did not want to be vaccinated and that "the situation here is a far cry from past blunders in medical ethics like the Tuskegee Study."[176] The 7th Circuit Court of Appeals, in an opinion by judge Frank Easterbrook, upheld the ruling, citing case law dating back to smallpox in 1905.[16][177]
On August 12, 2021, Supreme Court Justice Amy Coney Barrett, who receives emergency appeals from the Seventh Circuit, denied a request for emergency relief in the Indiana University matter; she acted with no comment, and did not refer the case to the full Supreme Court. Media outlets believed that Barrett's decision to uphold the mandate may have implications in future legal challenges.[16][177][178]
In September 2021, the anti-vaccine group America's Frontline Doctors (AFLDS) filed a lawsuit attempting to overturn New York City's proof of vaccination mandate. The suit alleged that the mandate was inherently discriminating against African Americans, citing a perceived hesitation towards vaccines among this population stemming from the Tuskegee Syphilis Study.[179]
In December 2021, a federal appeals court upheld a district court's injunction blocking Biden's vaccine mandate for healthcare workers; the ruling applies only to ten Republican-led states, namely Alaska, Arkansas, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, North Dakota, South Dakota and Wyoming.[180] On January 13, 2022, the Supreme Court overturned the injunction.[181]
Notes
- ^ Five states (Alabama, Florida, Iowa, Montana, and Texas) also prohibit private businesses from requiring vaccination.
References
- ^ COVID-19 Vaccinations in the United States. By Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Percent of people receiving at least one COVID-19 vaccine dose by state or territory for the total population. Hover or click on the states or territories for more info.
- ^ CDC COVID Data Tracker: Vaccinations in the US. View: People. Show: Fully Vaccinated. Population: Total Population. Resulting map will be labeled: "Percent of People Fully Vaccinated Reported to the CDC by State/Territory and for Select Federal Entities for the Total Population". Hover or click on locations for more data.
- ^ U.S. COVID-19 vaccine tracker: See your state's progress. From the Mayo Clinic. Hover on the states on the map at the source page for exact numbers for the fully vaccinated. Click on the "data sources" link in the first paragraph to see that the data is from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
- ^ Rodger, Daniel; Blackshaw, Bruce P. (January 2, 2022). "COVID-19 Vaccination Should not be Mandatory for Health and Social Care Workers" (PDF). The New Bioethics. 28 (1): 27–39. doi:10.1080/20502877.2022.2025651. PMID 35049419. S2CID 245827007.
- ^ "Joe Biden: Covid vaccination in US will not be mandatory". BBC News. December 5, 2020. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
- ^ "Covid: US rules out federal vaccine passports". BBC News. April 6, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
- ^ a b c Rowland, Geoffrey (July 29, 2021). "Biden tells federal workers: Get vaccinated or submit to testing". The Hill. Retrieved July 29, 2021.
- ^ a b c Swanson, Ian (July 27, 2021). "Vaccine mandate calls fueled by COVID-19's latest spike". The Hill. Retrieved July 27, 2021.
- ^ a b Bitker, Janelle (August 12, 2021). "Bay Area restaurateurs feared backlash for requiring vaccinations. In reality, it's been totally fine". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
- ^ a b McPhee, Ryan (July 30, 2021). "Broadway Will Require COVID Vaccines for Audiences". Playbill. Archived from the original on July 30, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
- ^ a b Willman, Chris (August 19, 2021). "For Those About to Vax: Why Vaccination Proof Is Suddenly Becoming a New Standard for Concert Entry". Variety. Archived from the original on August 19, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
- ^ a b c Thadani, Trisha (August 12, 2021). "San Francisco to become first major U.S. city to mandate full vaccination for many indoor activities". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
- ^ a b c Benveniste, Alexis (August 3, 2021). "New York City will require vaccines for entry to restaurants and gyms". CNN. Archived from the original on August 3, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
- ^ a b c Ben, Myers (August 12, 2021). "New Orleans to require COVID vaccines or negative tests for bars, Superdome, other venues". NOLA.com. Archived from the original on August 12, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
- ^ a b Mole, Beth (July 26, 2021). "COVID surge in unvaccinated is pushing US to more mandates, masks, mitigation". Ars Technica. Retrieved July 27, 2021.
- ^ a b c "Supreme Court rejects challenge to Indiana University's vaccination requirement". NBC News. August 12, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
- ^ a b Hirsch, Lauren (June 1, 2021). "E.E.O.C. Says Companies Can Mandate Vaccines, but Few Push Ahead". The New York Times. Retrieved July 10, 2021.
- ^ Funke, Daniel. "Fact check: Federal law does not prevent states, businesses, employers from requiring COVID-19 vaccines". USA Today. Retrieved July 10, 2021.
- ^ Musumeci, Marybeth; Kates, Jennifer (April 7, 2021). "Key Questions About COVID-19 Vaccine Mandates". KFF. Retrieved July 10, 2021.
- ^ Megan, Cerullo (June 2, 2021). "Companies can mandate COVID-19 vaccine, incentivize workers to get shot, EEOC says". CBS News. Retrieved July 10, 2021.
- ^ Ebbs, Stephanie (May 28, 2021). "What to know if your employer requires vaccinations: federal legal protections". ABC News. Retrieved July 10, 2021.
- ^ Swanson, Ian (August 23, 2021). "Pentagon to mandate COVID-19 vaccine for military". The Hill. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
- ^ Shivaram, Deepa (August 24, 2021). "Why Pfizer's FDA Approval Matters And What It Means For Vaccine Mandates". NPR. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
- ^ Sorkin, Andrew Ross; Karaian, Jason; Kessler, Sarah; Gandel, Stephen; Hirsch, Lauren; Livni, Ephrat; Schaverien, Anna (August 24, 2021). "More Vaccine Mandates". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
- ^ a b Siemaszko, Corky (June 14, 2021). "A Texas ruling backed vaccine mandates. But businesses are still wary". NBC News. Retrieved July 10, 2021.
- ^ Diamond, Dan. "Most employers shy away from mandating coronavirus vaccines". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 10, 2021.
- ^ "Here are the companies mandating vaccines for all or some employees". NBC News. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
- ^ "IDs Aren't The Only Fake Documents College Students Want — Now It's Vaccine Cards Too". NPR. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
- ^ Beaton, Andrew (August 13, 2021). "The NFL's Unofficial Vaccine Mandate". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
- ^ "NFL to fine unvaccinated players $15K for lapses". ESPN.com. July 24, 2021. Retrieved July 24, 2021.
- ^ a b c Kevin Liptak; Kaitlan Collins (September 9, 2021). "Biden announces new vaccine mandates that could cover 100 million Americans". CNN. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
- ^ a b Hirsch, Lauren (November 4, 2021). "U.S. Sets Jan. 4 Vaccination Deadline for Big Private Employers". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2021.
- ^ "Biden-Harris Administration to Expand Vaccination Requirements for Health Care Settings | CMS". www.cms.gov. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
- ^ Rodriguez, Adrianna. "Biden's COVID-19 mandate to vaccinate all health care workers may come with unintended consequences". USA Today. Archived from the original on September 10, 2021. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
- ^ "White House Announces Vaccination Mandate or Weekly Testing for Large Employers, and Vaccination Mandate for Federal Employees and Contractors". Employment Law Landscape. September 10, 2021. Archived from the original on November 10, 2021. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
- ^ "COVID-19 Vaccination and Testing; Emergency Temporary Standard, 29 CFR Parts 1910, 1915, 1917, 1918, 1926, and 1928, [Docket No. OSHA-2021-0007], RIN 1218-AD42" (PDF). Federal Register. November 4, 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 4, 2021. Retrieved November 5, 2021.
- ^ "Biden tells legal challengers to 'have at it' after announcing vaccine mandate". The Week. September 10, 2021. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
- ^ "At Fox, the call for vaccine passports was coming from inside the house". Media Matters for America. July 19, 2021. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
- ^ Kleefeld, Eric (September 10, 2021). "Fox News tells viewers to "fight back" against the equivalent of Fox News' own COVID-19 vaccination and testing practices". Media Matters for America. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
- ^ Betsy Klein; Kate Sullivan (September 10, 2021). "Biden to GOP critics looking to challenge new vaccine requirements in court: 'Have at it'". CNN. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
- ^ "Federal appeals court affirms stay on Biden vaccine mandate for businesses". The Hill. November 12, 2021. Retrieved November 29, 2021.
- ^ Marimow, Ann E.; Barnes, Robert (January 5, 2022). "Supreme Court is set to review Biden's vaccine rules for businesses, health-care workers. Here's what to know". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 5, 2022.
- ^ Weixel, Nathaniel; Kruzel, John (January 13, 2022). "Supreme Court blocks Biden's vaccine-or-test mandate for employers". The Hill. Retrieved January 13, 2022.
- ^ a b Howe, Amy (January 13, 2022). "Fractured court blocks vaccine-or-test requirement for large workplaces but green-lights vaccine mandate for health care workers". SCOTUSBlog. Retrieved January 13, 2022.
- ^ Groppe, Maureen (January 25, 2022). "Biden scraps vaccine requirement for businesses, weighs options after Supreme Court defeat". USA Today. Retrieved January 25, 2022.
- ^ "US to lift most federal COVID-19 vaccine mandates next week". AP NEWS. May 1, 2023.
- ^ "Biden Vaccine Mandate for Contractors Blocked Nationwide (2)". Bloomberg. December 7, 2021. Retrieved December 7, 2021.
- ^ "Supreme Court blocks Biden's Covid vaccine requirement for businesses". NBC News. January 13, 2022.
- ^ Ogrysko, Nicole (January 13, 2022). "Federal district court denies two initial attempts at blocking federal vaccine mandate for employees". WFED. Retrieved December 7, 2021.
- ^ "Supreme Court blocks Biden's Covid vaccine requirement for businesses". NBC News. January 21, 2022.
- ^ "Deadlines Set for All Service Members' Vaccinations Against COVID". Military Health System. U.S. Department of Defense. September 20, 2021. Retrieved December 7, 2021.
- ^ "Requirement for Proof of COVID-19 Vaccination for Air Passengers". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. U.S. Government. February 11, 2020. Retrieved December 7, 2021.
- ^ Cowan, Jill (August 11, 2021). "California orders all teachers to be vaccinated or face regular testing". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
- ^ Andrews, Caitlin (August 12, 2021). "Maine will be one of the 1st states to mandate COVID-19 vaccines for health workers". Bangor Daily News. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
- ^ Brunner, Jim; O'Sullivan, Joseph; Cornwell; Paige (August 9, 2021). "Washington state employees, health care workers must be vaccinated against COVID". The Seattle Times. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
- ^ "Inslee brings back statewide mask order and mandates vaccines for school workers". The Seattle Times. August 18, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
- ^ Schmidt, Sophia (August 12, 2021). "Delaware announces vaccine mandate for state employees and healthcare workers". www.delawarepublic.org. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
- ^ Chen, Shawna (August 11, 2021). "Minnesota joins growing list of states mandating vaccines or tests for state workers". Axios. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
- ^ Southwick, Ron; Wenner, David (August 10, 2021). "Pa. state workers in health care and 'high risk' settings must be vaccinated or tested". Penn Live Patriot News. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
- ^ Wong, Peter (August 10, 2021). "Oregon Gov. Brown: State workers must be vaccinated". Portland Tribune. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
- ^ a b "Oregon to require health workers, school staff be vaccinated". opb. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
- ^ Lonas, Lexi (July 28, 2021). "Cuomo ordering all New York state workers to be vaccinated or face testing". The Hill. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
- ^ Otterman, Sharon (August 16, 2021). "Health Care Workers in New York Must Get Vaccine, Cuomo Says". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
- ^ Saric, Ivana (August 4, 2021). "Illinois announces mask mandate for schools, vaccinations for state workers". Axios. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
- ^ Bosman, Julie (August 26, 2021). "Illinois will require masks indoors for everyone and educators must get shots or face testing". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
- ^ "FRI: New Mexico Mandates Vaccination Or Testing For State Workers, + More". www.kunm.org. July 30, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
- ^ "Reporter Debrief: Gov. Scott Announces COVID-19 Vaccine Mandate For Some State Employees". Vermont Public Radio. August 10, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
- ^ Condon, Christine; Wood, Pamela (August 5, 2021). "Maryland's state jail, hospital and health care workers will need COVID vaccine or have to wear masks and be tested". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
- ^ "Hogan Institutes Stricter Vaccine Protocols for Workers at Md. Nursing Homes, Hospitals". www.wboc.com. August 18, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
- ^ "DC Mayor Bowser Mandates Vaccinations for Government Workers | WHUR 96.3 FM". whur.com. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
- ^ "DC to Require COVID Vaccines for All Health Care Workers". NBC Washington. August 16, 2021. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
- ^ Gilbert, Haidee Eugenio (August 6, 2021). "Governor orders mandatory COVID-19 vaccination for GovGuam workers in executive branch". The Guam Daily Post. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
- ^ Santos, Juan Felipe; Álvarez-Sánchez, Maralyssa; Carrillo-Russe, Karla (August 9, 2021). "Puerto Rico Implements Mandatory Vaccination of Certain Employees, Reinstates Mask Requirements". The National Law Review. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
- ^ "Puerto Rico Mandates COVID-19 Booster Shots for Health and Education Sectors". January 4, 2022.
- ^ Haigh, Susan; Eaton-Robb, Pat (August 20, 2021). "Lamont ordering state workers, teachers to be vaccinated". myrecordjournal. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
- ^ Miller, Zeke (August 6, 2021). "The Latest: Connecticut: nursing home workers must get shots". Associated Press. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
- ^ Miller, G. Wayne (August 10, 2021). "RI to require COVID vaccines for health-care workers". The Providence Journal. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
- ^ Saric, Ivana (August 19, 2021). "GOP Gov. Baker orders vaccine mandate for Massachusetts executive department workers". Axios. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
- ^ Wiexel, Nathaniel (August 4, 2021). "Massachusetts to require COVID-19 vaccine for all nursing home staff". The Hill. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
- ^ "Governor Polis Urges State Board of Health to Engage in Expedited Rulemaking to Require COVID-19 Vaccine for All Personnel Working Directly with Colorado's Vulnerable Populations & Settings Where Coloradans Receive Essential Medical Care". Governor Jared Polis. August 17, 2021. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
- ^ Saric, Ivana (August 23, 2021). "New Jersey implements vaccine mandate for school and state workers". Axios. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
- ^ "Governor Murphy Announces Vaccine Requirement for Workers in Health Care Facilities and High-Risk Congregate Settings". Governor Phil Murphy. August 2, 2021. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
- ^ "Tucson City Council passes vaccine mandate for city employees". KGUN. August 13, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
- ^ "Boston Announces Vaccine Mandate For City Workers". www.wbur.org. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
- ^ "L.A. will require city employees to get vaccinated or regularly tested for COVID-19". Los Angeles Times. July 27, 2021. Archived from the original on July 27, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
- ^ Wamsley, Laurel (July 27, 2021). "New Vaccine Mandates Are Coming For Government Employees And Health Care Workers". NPR. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
- ^ "De Blasio: New York City Teachers, Staff Need To Be Vaccinated For School Year". CBS New York. August 23, 2021. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
- ^ "San Diego requires city workers to provide proof of vaccination by Friday". KGTV. August 9, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
- ^ Crown, Kayode. "'Crazy Times': Mayor Lumumba Defends Vaccine Mandate for City Workers". www.jacksonfreepress.com. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
- ^ "Newark Vaccine Mandate for All City Workers". NBC New York. August 13, 2021. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
- ^ Zeitlinger, Ron; Rosario, Joshua (August 1, 2021). "Hoboken orders all city workers to be vaccinated or face weekly testing". nj. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
- ^ "Richmond to mandate vaccination for city workers". Richmond, Virginia: Associated Press. August 4, 2021. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
- ^ Choi, Joseph (August 2, 2021). "Denver issues vaccine mandate for city workers and 'high-risk' private employees". The Hill. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
- ^ Lonas, Lexi (July 21, 2021). "Pasadena requiring vaccinations for city workers". The Hill. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
- ^ Towne, Shaun (August 6, 2021). "New Bedford mayor: City workers must get vaccinated or undergo regular testing". WPRI. New Bedford, Massachusetts. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
- ^ "San Jose orders city employees to vaccinate or get weekly COVID tests". The Mercury News. August 5, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
- ^ "Mayor Cantrell issues executive order requiring all City employees, contractors to be vaccinated". wwltv.com. August 19, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
- ^ "COVID: San Francisco's City Employee Vaccine Mandate Is Not A First In America". July 27, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
- ^ Thors, Lucas (June 6, 2021). "Aquinnah makes headway on major facilities planning". MV Times. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
- ^ Garrow, John (August 11, 2021). "Protecting the City from Delta: all City workers will be required to be fully vaccinated or double-masked if not fully vaccinated". City of Philadelphia. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
- ^ "Portland requiring city employees to get vaccinated or submit weekly COVID tests". WGME. August 13, 2021. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
- ^ a b Constantine, Dow (August 9, 2021). "King County, State of Washington and City of Seattle announce vaccination requirement for most employees, private health care and long-term care workers". King County. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
- ^ "Providence will require city employees to be vaccinated against COVID-19". WJAR. August 16, 2021. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
- ^ "St. Louis mayor orders all city employees to be vaccinated". KY3. St. Louis, Missouri. August 18, 2021. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
- ^ "Sacramento City Council requires its employees to get vaccinated". KCRA. August 20, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
- ^ Bradley, Tahman (August 25, 2021). "City of Chicago employees required to be fully vaccinated by Oct. 15". WGN9. Chicago. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
- ^ McKinley, Edward (May 5, 2021). "Mets, Yankees, outdoor stadiums can go to full capacity for vaccinated fans". Times Union. Retrieved May 8, 2021.
- ^ Tapp, Tom (April 19, 2021). "New California Rule Allows 75% Capacity For Movie Theaters In Yellow Tier, No Physical Distancing As Long As Crowds Are Fully Vaccinated – Update". Deadline. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
- ^ Fitzsimmons, Emma G.; Otterman, Sharon; Goldstein, Joseph (August 3, 2021). "N.Y.C. will require workers and customers show proof of at least one dose for indoor dining and other activities". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
- ^ Loria, Daniel (August 3, 2021). "NYC Follows France in Requiring Proof of Vaccination for Moviegoers". Box Office Pro. Retrieved August 9, 2021.
- ^ Otterman, Sharon (August 4, 2021). "Here's How You Can Show Proof of Vaccination in New York City". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
- ^ "West Hollywood will require proof of full vaccination to enter indoor restaurants, gyms, other businesses; city employees must get inoculated". KTLA. September 11, 2021. Retrieved September 16, 2021.
- ^ "COVID-19 Proof of Vaccination or Test Required for Some Contra Costa Businesses :: Press Releases :: Contra Costa Health Services". cchealth.org. Retrieved September 16, 2021.
- ^ "L.A. County plans to require proof of vaccination at indoor bars, nightclubs, breweries, wineries". Los Angeles Times. September 15, 2021. Retrieved September 16, 2021.
- ^ Tapp, Tom (August 11, 2021). "Los Angeles City Council Votes 13-0 To Create Vaccination Requirement For Indoor Public Spaces Such As Restaurants, Movie Theaters, Concert Venues". Deadline. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
- ^ Maddaus, Gene (August 11, 2021). "Los Angeles Moves Ahead on Indoor Vaccine Mandate". Variety. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
- ^ "L.A. to require proof of COVID vaccination at indoor restaurants, salons, other venues". Los Angeles Times. October 6, 2021. Archived from the original on October 6, 2021. Retrieved November 6, 2021.
- ^ "LISTING OF DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH PRESS RELEASES". publichealth.lacounty.gov. Retrieved November 6, 2021.
- ^ "You will need to be fully vaccinated against COVID to enter any establishment that serves food in Philly | Board of Health". City of Philadelphia. December 13, 2021. Retrieved January 13, 2022.
- ^ Public Health Order No. 2021-2 – Proof of Vaccination in Public Places (PDF), Chicago Department of Public Health, December 21, 2021, archived (PDF) from the original on January 6, 2022
- ^ Chicago Vaccine Requirement, City of Chicago, archived from the original on January 6, 2022, retrieved January 5, 2022
- ^ Bauer, Kelly (December 21, 2021), "Proof Of COVID-19 Vaccine Required For Chicago Bars, Restaurants, Gyms Starting Jan. 3. Here's What To Know", Block Club Chicago, archived from the original on December 21, 2021
- ^ Moreno, Nereida (January 4, 2022), "A look at Chicago's new vaccine mandate for indoor spaces", WBEZ, archived from the original on January 6, 2022
- ^ Order of the Cook County Department of Public Health No. 2021-11 (PDF), Cook County Department of Public Health, December 23, 2021, archived (PDF) from the original on January 4, 2022
- ^ Cook County Department of Public Health Mitigation Guidance, Cook County Department of Public Health, archived from the original on January 6, 2022, retrieved January 5, 2022
- ^ Dudek, Mitch (December 23, 2021), "Cook County to require vaccinations at restaurants, bars, gyms starting Jan. 3", Chicago Sun-Times, archived from the original on December 23, 2021
- ^ Johnson, Jennifer (January 5, 2022), "Some suburban mayors leave vaccine mandate compliance to Cook County: 'It's not up to us to enforce'", Park Ridge Herald-Advocate, archived from the original on January 5, 2022
- ^ "News: MAYOR BARAKA TO SIGN EXECUTIVE ORDER ON MONDAY, DECEMBER 27 REQUIRING PROOF OF VACCINATION TO ENTER ESTABLISHMENTS AMID SPIKE IN COVID-19 CASES". www.newarknj.gov. Retrieved January 13, 2022.
- ^ "News: EXECUTIVE ORDER SUMMARY". www.newarknj.gov. Retrieved January 13, 2022.
- ^ Order of the Skokie Health Department Director: Covid-19 Public Health Proof of Vaccination, Skokie Health and Human Services Department, December 23, 2021, archived from the original on January 6, 2022
- ^ Skokie HHS Issues Proof of Vaccination Order, Village of Skokie, archived from the original on December 29, 2021, retrieved January 5, 2022
- ^ Cox, Brian L. (December 27, 2021), "Skokie joins Cook County in instituting COVID-19 vaccine requirements for some public spaces", Oak Leaves, archived from the original on December 28, 2021
- ^ Proof of Vaccination in Public Places (PDF), Village of Oak Park Department of Public Health, December 30, 2021, archived (PDF) from the original on December 31, 2021
- ^ Proof of vaccination requirement to go in effect Jan. 10, Village of Oak Park, December 30, 2021, archived from the original on December 31, 2021
- ^ Castle, George (December 28, 2021), "Oak Park will require vaccination proof in restaurants, bars, gyms; 'God forbid it'd be spreading in my place'", Skokie Review, archived from the original on December 28, 2021
- ^ Supplemental Order Concerning On-Premises Food and Drink Establishments made pursuant to Declaration of Emergency (PDF), City of Highland Park, December 29, 2021, archived (PDF) from the original on December 31, 2021
- ^ City of Highland Park Requires Proof of COVID-19 Vaccination for Patrons of On-Premises Dining Establishments, December 29, 2021, archived from the original on December 31, 2021
- ^ Sadin, Steve (January 4, 2022), "Some Lake County municipalities not requiring proof of vaccination at eateries: 'It would be very hard on the restaurants'", Lake County News-Sun, archived from the original on January 4, 2022
- ^ Public Health Order, City of Evanston Department of Health and Human Services, December 30, 2021, archived from the original on January 6, 2022
- ^ Evanston Health & Human Services Department Issues New Mitigation Orders Amid COVID-19 Surge, City of Evanston, December 30, 2021, archived from the original on December 31, 2021
- ^ Fu, Yiming (December 30, 2021), "Evanston issues vaccination mandate", The Daily Northwestern, archived from the original on December 31, 2021
- ^ Galioto, Katie; Navratil, Liz; Tribune, Faiza Mahamud Star. "Minneapolis, St. Paul to require vaccine proof to get into bars, restaurants". Star Tribune. Retrieved January 15, 2022.
- ^ Minneapolis, City of. "COVID-19 vaccinations or negative tests required to enter food or drink establishments - updated". www.minneapolismn.gov. Retrieved January 15, 2022.
- ^ "The Left-wing case against vaccine mandates". UnHerd. January 28, 2022.
- ^ "Compulsory vaccination: What does human rights law say?". September 14, 2021.
- ^ a b Brownstein, Ronald (August 12, 2021). "'Everybody I Know Is Pissed Off'". The Atlantic. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
- ^ Debus, Marc; Tosun, Jale (2021). "Political ideology and vaccination willingness: Implications for policy design". Policy Sciences. 54 (3): 477–491. doi:10.1007/s11077-021-09428-0. PMC 8206899. PMID 34149102.
- ^ LeBlanc, Paul (May 24, 2021). "Alabama governor signs bill banning Covid-19 vaccine passports". CNN. Archived from the original on May 24, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
- ^ "Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis issues order prohibiting 'vaccine passports'". NBC News. April 2, 2021. Retrieved April 2, 2021.
- ^ a b Richardson, Ian. "Iowa Senate gives final passage to 'vaccine passport' ban, sending it to Gov. Kim Reynolds". Des Moines Register. Retrieved October 28, 2021.
- ^ a b Owens, Caitlin (July 12, 2021). "Republicans push to ban "discrimination" against unvaccinated people". Axios. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
- ^ "Gov. Greg Abbott signs law banning Texas businesses from requiring vaccine information". kvue.com. June 7, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
- ^ "Florida Legislation Bans Businesses from Requiring COVID-19 Vaccine "Passports"". JD Supra. Retrieved August 10, 2021.
- ^ Sakariassen, Alex (July 30, 2021). "How to comply with Montana's new vaccine discrimination law". Montana Free Press. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
- ^ a b Santana, Steven (August 16, 2021). "TABC warns restaurants their liquor licenses could be revoked for requiring vaccine proof from customers". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
- ^ "State Lawmakers Submit Bills to Ban COVID-19 Vaccine Mandates and Passports". The National Academy for State Health Policy. March 5, 2021. Archived from the original on March 10, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
- ^ Chiu, Allyson (May 22, 2021). "Explaining HIPAA: No, it doesn't ban questions about your vaccination status". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 23, 2021.
- ^ Kavi, Aishvarya (July 22, 2021). "How the HIPAA Law Works and Why People Get It Wrong". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 23, 2021.
- ^ "Lawmaker Marjorie Taylor Greene, in Ten Words or Less, Gets HIPAA All Wrong". Law & Crime. July 21, 2021. Retrieved July 23, 2021.
- ^ "Analysis. That's not how any of this works, Marjorie Taylor Greene". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
- ^ staff, CBS 2 News (February 16, 2023). "Bill proposed that makes giving an MRNA vaccine a misdemeanor". KBOI. Retrieved February 17, 2023.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b "State Efforts to Ban or Enforce COVID-19 Vaccine Mandates and Passports". January 14, 2022.
- ^ "Should Vaccine-Resistant Workers Who Leave Their Jobs Receive Unemployment?". FindLaw. January 13, 2022.
- ^ "States Seek to Use Unemployment Benefits to Break the Back of Vaccine Mandates". The Century Foundation. February 3, 2022.
- ^ Cai, Sophia (January 9, 2022). "Red states fight school vaccine mandates". Axios.
- ^ Miyares, Jason S. (January 26, 2022). "Official advisory opinion of the Attorney General" (PDF).
- ^ Veronica Stracqualursi (January 28, 2022). "Virginia AG says state universities cannot mandate Covid-19 vaccines without lawmakers' approval". CNN.
- ^ Veronica Stracqualursi (February 2022). "Virginia universities end student vaccine mandates after state attorney general's legal opinion". CNN.
- ^ Square, Jon Styf | The Center. "Sixteen states file new lawsuit against federal COVID vaccination mandate". KPVI. Archived from the original on February 18, 2022. Retrieved November 6, 2023.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Blankley, Bethany (January 21, 2022). "Federal court dismisses Texas' lawsuit over CMS vaccine mandate". The Center Square.
- ^ Lenthang, Marlene (May 29, 2021). "117 employees sue Houston Methodist hospital for requiring COVID-19 vaccine". ABC News. Retrieved July 10, 2021.
- ^ "Attorneys for Houston Methodist employees file appeal after judge dismisses their lawsuit". KHOU. June 15, 2021. Retrieved July 10, 2021.
- ^ "Norwegian Cruise Line sues Florida over vaccine passport ban". Politico PRO. July 13, 2021. Archived from the original on July 14, 2021. Retrieved August 10, 2021.
- ^ Timmer, John (August 9, 2021). "Court says Florida can't block cruise line from requiring vaccines". Ars Technica. Retrieved August 10, 2021.
- ^ "Federal judge sides with Norwegian Cruise Line in fight with Florida over vaccine passports". Politico PRO. August 8, 2021. Retrieved August 10, 2021.
- ^ Lombardo, Clare (July 19, 2021). "Indiana University's Vaccine Requirement Should Stand, Federal Judge Rules". NPR. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
- ^ a b de Vogue, Ariane (August 12, 2021). "Justice Amy Coney Barrett denies request to block Indiana University's vaccine mandate | CNN Politics". CNN. Archived from the original on August 12, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
- ^ McCann, Michael (August 16, 2021). "Justice Barrett Vaccine Ruling Likely to Apply to College Sports". Sportico.com. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
- ^ Mencimer, Stephanie. "Pro-Trump doctors invoke civil rights in bid to overturn New York's vaccine mandate". Mother Jones. Retrieved January 3, 2022.
- ^ Durkee, Alison. "Appeals Court Refuses To Put Biden's Vaccine Mandate For Healthcare Workers Back Into Effect". Retrieved December 14, 2021.
- ^ "US Supreme Court blocks Biden's workplace vaccine mandate". BBC News. January 13, 2022. Retrieved January 13, 2022.