A biennial plant is a flowering plant that, generally in a temperate climate, takes two years to complete its biological life cycle.[1][2]
Background
editIn its first year, the biennial plant undergoes primary growth, during which its vegetative structures (leaves, stems, and roots) develop. Usually, the stem of the plant remains short and the leaves are low to the ground, forming a rosette. After one year's growing season, the plant enters a period of dormancy for the colder months. Many biennials require a cold treatment, or vernalization before they will flower.[3] During the next spring or summer, the stem of the biennial plant elongates greatly, or "bolts".[4] The plant then flowers, producing fruits and seeds before it finally dies. There are far fewer biennials than either perennial plants or annual plants.[5]
Biennials do not always follow a strict two-year life cycle and the majority of plants in the wild can take 3 or more years to fully mature. Rosette leaf size has been found to predict when a plant may enter its second stage of flowering and seed production.[6] Alternatively, under extreme climatic conditions, a biennial plant may complete its life cycle rapidly (e.g., in three months instead of two years).[7] This is quite common in vegetable or flower seedlings that were vernalized before they were planted in the ground. This behavior leads to many normally biennial plants being treated as annuals in some areas. Conversely, an annual grown under extremely favorable conditions may have highly successful seed propagation, giving it the appearance of being biennial or perennial. Some short-lived perennials may appear to be biennial rather than perennial. True biennials flower only once, while many perennials will flower every year once mature.
Biennials grown for flowers, fruits, or seeds are grown for two years, whereas those grown for edible leaves or roots are harvested after one year—and are not kept a second year to run to seed.
Examples of biennial plants are members of the onion family including leek,[4] some members of the cabbage family,[4] common mullein, parsley, fennel,[4] Lunaria, silverbeet, black-eyed Susan, sweet William, colic weed, carrot,[4] and some hollyhocks. Plant breeders have produced annual cultivars of several biennials that will flower the first year from seed, for example, foxglove and stock.
See also
edit- Annual plant – Plant which completes its life cycle within one growing season and then dies
- Herbaceous plant – Plant that has no persistent woody stem above ground
- Perennial plant – Plant that lives for more than two years
References
edit- ^ "Annual, Perennial, Biennial?". Texas Cooperative Extension. Archived from the original on 14 August 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2012.
- ^ "Biennial". Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on August 3, 2016. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
- ^ Amasino, Richard (2018). "A path to a biennial life history". Nature Plants. 4 (10): 752–753. doi:10.1038/s41477-018-0265-z. ISSN 2055-0278. PMID 30224663. S2CID 52286843.
- ^ a b c d e "Bolting in vegetables". Royal Horticultural Society. Archived from the original on 21 June 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
- ^ Hart, Robin (1977-07-01). "Why are Biennials so Few?". The American Naturalist. 111 (980): 792–799. doi:10.1086/283209. ISSN 0003-0147. S2CID 85343835.
- ^ Gross, Ronald S.; Werner, Patricia A. (1983). "Probabilities of Survival and Reproduction Relative to Rosette Size in the Common Burdock (Arctium minus: Compositae)". American Midland Naturalist. 109 (1): 184. doi:10.2307/2425529. JSTOR 2425529.
- ^ Silvertown, Jonathan W. (1983-03-01). "Why are Biennials Sometimes Not so Few?". The American Naturalist. 121 (3): 448–453. doi:10.1086/284074. ISSN 0003-0147. S2CID 83757143.
