Biflavonoid

Biflavonoids are a type of flavonoids with the general formula scheme (C6-C3-C6)₂.

Examples

Amentoflavone (bis-apigenin coupled at 8 and 3' positions)
Lophirone L and lophirone M found in Lophira alata
Sulcatone A, a naturally occurring biflavonoid isolated from Ouratea sulcata. Extracts of the leaves of this plant, used with and with other plant's extracts, are used in many African countries to treat some infections such as upper tract respiratory infections, dysenteria, diarrhoea and toothache. Positive antimicrobial activity has been shown in-vitro against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. Escherichia coli showed to be resistant in the same study.^[1]
Hinokiflavone, a cytotoxic biflavonoid from Toxicodendron succedaneum,^[2] Juniperus sp.,^{[citation needed]} or Chamaecyparis obtusa (hinoki).^[3]
Leaflets of Cycas circinalis and C. revoluta contain biflavonoids such as (2S, 2′′S)-2,3,2′′,3′′-tetrahydro-4′,4′′′-di-O-methylamentoflavone (tetrahydroisoginkgetin).^[4]
Agathisflavone^[5]^[6]
Cupressuflavone
Ginkgetin
Morelloflavone
Neorhusflavanone
Ochnaflavone
Podocarpusflavone A
Rhusflavone
Rhusflavanone
Robustaflavone
Sciadopitysin
Spicataside
Succedaneaflavanone
Volkensiflavone
Moghatin, extracted from Glossostemon bruguieri ^[7]

References

^ Pegnyemb, Dieudonné Emmanuel; Mbing, Josephine Ngo; de Théodore Atchadé, Alex; Tih, Raphael Ghogomu; Sondengam, Beiban Lucas; Blond, Alain; Bodo, Bernard (July 2005). "Antimicrobial biflavonoids from the aerial parts of Ouratea sulcata". Phytochemistry. 66 (16): 1922–1926. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.06.017. PMID 16083925.
^ Lin, Y. M.; Chen, F. C.; Lee, K. H. (April 1989). "Hinokiflavone, a cytotoxic principle from Rhus succedanea and the cytotoxicity of the related biflavonoids". Planta Med. 55 (2): 166–168. doi:10.1055/s-2006-961914. PMID 2526343.
^ Krauze-Baranowska, M.; Pobłocka, L.; El-Hela, A. A. (September–October 2005). "Biflavones from Chamaecyparis obtusa". Z. Naturforsch. C. 60 (9–10): 679–685. doi:10.1515/znc-2005-9-1004. PMID 16320608.
^ Moawad, Abeer; Hetta, Mona; Zjawiony, Jordan K.; Jacob, Melissa R.; Hifnawy, Mohamed; Marais, Jannie P. J.; Ferreira, Daneel (2010). "Phytochemical investigation of Cycas circinalis and Cycas revoluta leaflets: Moderately active antibacterial biflavonoids". Planta Med. 76 (8): 796–802. doi:10.1055/s-0029-1240743. PMC 3711132. PMID 20072955.
^ Chirumbolo S, Bjørklund G (March 2018). "Agathisflavone and GABAAreceptors in the biflavone-mediated action on rat primary cortical neurons". Neurotoxicology. 66: 43–44. doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2018.03.002. PMID 29530473.
^ Dos Santos Souza C, Grangeiro MS, Lima Pereira EP, Dos Santos CC, da Silva AB, Sampaio GP, Ribeiro Figueiredo DD, David JM, David JP, da Silva VD, Butt AM, Lima Costa S (February 2018). "Agathisflavone, a flavonoid derived from Poincianella pyramidalis (Tul.), enhances neuronal population and protects against glutamate excitotoxicity". Neurotoxicology. 65: 85–97. doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2018.02.001. PMID 29425760. S2CID 3369726.
^ Meselhy, Meselhy (31 July 2003). "Constituents from Moghat, the Roots of Glossostemon bruguieri (Desf.)". Molecules. 8 (8). MDPI: 614–621. doi:10.3390/80800614. PMC 6146927.

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[1] Pegnyemb, Dieudonné Emmanuel; Mbing, Josephine Ngo; de Théodore Atchadé, Alex; Tih, Raphael Ghogomu; Sondengam, Beiban Lucas; Blond, Alain; Bodo, Bernard (July 2005). "Antimicrobial biflavonoids from the aerial parts of Ouratea sulcata". Phytochemistry. 66 (16): 1922–1926. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.06.017. PMID 16083925.

[2] Lin, Y. M.; Chen, F. C.; Lee, K. H. (April 1989). "Hinokiflavone, a cytotoxic principle from Rhus succedanea and the cytotoxicity of the related biflavonoids". Planta Med. 55 (2): 166–168. doi:10.1055/s-2006-961914. PMID 2526343.

[3] Krauze-Baranowska, M.; Pobłocka, L.; El-Hela, A. A. (September–October 2005). "Biflavones from Chamaecyparis obtusa". Z. Naturforsch. C. 60 (9–10): 679–685. doi:10.1515/znc-2005-9-1004. PMID 16320608.

[4] Moawad, Abeer; Hetta, Mona; Zjawiony, Jordan K.; Jacob, Melissa R.; Hifnawy, Mohamed; Marais, Jannie P. J.; Ferreira, Daneel (2010). "Phytochemical investigation of Cycas circinalis and Cycas revoluta leaflets: Moderately active antibacterial biflavonoids". Planta Med. 76 (8): 796–802. doi:10.1055/s-0029-1240743. PMC 3711132. PMID 20072955.

[pmid29530473-5] Chirumbolo S, Bjørklund G (March 2018). "Agathisflavone and GABAAreceptors in the biflavone-mediated action on rat primary cortical neurons". Neurotoxicology. 66: 43–44. doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2018.03.002. PMID 29530473.

[pmid29425760-6] Dos Santos Souza C, Grangeiro MS, Lima Pereira EP, Dos Santos CC, da Silva AB, Sampaio GP, Ribeiro Figueiredo DD, David JM, David JP, da Silva VD, Butt AM, Lima Costa S (February 2018). "Agathisflavone, a flavonoid derived from Poincianella pyramidalis (Tul.), enhances neuronal population and protects against glutamate excitotoxicity". Neurotoxicology. 65: 85–97. doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2018.02.001. PMID 29425760. S2CID 3369726.

[7] Meselhy, Meselhy (31 July 2003). "Constituents from Moghat, the Roots of Glossostemon bruguieri (Desf.)". Molecules. 8 (8). MDPI: 614–621. doi:10.3390/80800614. PMC 6146927.

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