| Sexagenary cycle | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Wood Rat |
2 Wood Ox |
3 Fire Tiger |
4 Fire Rabbit |
5 Earth Dragon |
6 Earth Snake |
| 7 Metal Horse |
8 Metal Goat |
9 Water Monkey |
10 Water Rooster |
11 Wood Dog |
12 Wood Pig |
| 13 Fire Rat |
14 Fire Ox |
15 Earth Tiger |
16 Earth Rabbit |
17 Metal Dragon |
18 Metal Snake |
| 19 Water Horse |
20 Water Goat |
21 Wood Monkey |
22 Wood Rooster |
23 Fire Dog |
24 Fire Pig |
| 25 Earth Rat |
26 Earth Ox |
27 Metal Tiger |
28 Metal Rabbit |
29 Water Dragon |
30 Water Snake |
| 31 Wood Horse |
32 Wood Goat |
33 Fire Monkey |
34 Fire Rooster |
35 Earth Dog |
36 Earth Pig |
| 37 Metal Rat |
38 Metal Ox |
39 Water Tiger |
40 Water Rabbit |
41 Wood Dragon |
42 Wood Snake |
| 43 Fire Horse |
44 Fire Goat |
45 Earth Monkey |
46 Earth Rooster |
47 Metal Dog |
48 Metal Pig |
| 49 Water Rat |
50 Water Ox |
51 Wood Tiger |
52 Wood Rabbit |
53 Fire Dragon |
54 Fire Snake |
| 55 Earth Horse |
56 Earth Goat |
57 Metal Monkey |
58 Metal Rooster |
59 Water Dog |
60 Water Pig |
| Heavenly Stems ・ Earthly Branches | |||||
The fire horse (Japanese: 丙午 (ひのえうま), hinoe-uma, or へいご, heigo) or bing wu (Chinese: 丙午; pinyin: bǐngwǔ) is the 43rd combination of the sexagenary cycle. According to a superstition, girls born in such a year will grow up to kill their husbands. Therefore,[1] birthrates in Japan tend to see a sharp decline.[2]
Years
edit| 1st millennium | 2nd millennium | 3rd millennium |
|---|---|---|
Superstition
editOrigin
editThere is a superstition that "a woman born in the year of the fire horse has a strong temperament and shortens her husband's life". It is said that the superstition in the early Edo period that "there are many fires in the year of the fire horse", changed to a superstition about women's marriage because Yaoya Oshichi was believed to have been born during the fire horse.[3][4]
In the Edo period, all human ages were counted using East Asian age reckoning,[5] and if Yaoya Oshichi was born during the fire horse in 1666, then she would have been 18 years old in 1683 when she was burned at the stake. However in various biographies, such as that of Ihara Saikaku, she is 16 years old.[6][7] Ki no Kaion, in his jōruri Yaoya Oshichi, placed Oshichi's birth as during the fire horse, which influenced the jōruri Junshoku Edo Murasaki (Japanese: 潤色江戸紫) by Tamenaga Tarobei (Japanese: 為長太郎兵衛) et al. to say the same. Baba Bunkō in his work Kinsei Kōto Chobunshū (Japanese: 近世江都著聞集) states that Yaoya Oshichi being 11 years old when she hung a plaque at Tennō-ji in 1676 was the basis for assigning her birth year to 1666.
Ki no Kaion had a strong influence on the theatrical world, and the story in Bunkō's Kinsei Kōto Chobunshū has long been considered a true story, although it has been denied in modern times.[8]
Births in 1906
editThis superstition continued even into the Meiji era, and in 1906 the number of births decreased by about 4% from the previous year. In some cases, the births of boys were reported to have been shifted to the year before or after they were actually born.[9]
Around 1924, when women born in 1906 were of marriageable age, there was a series of stories denying the superstition and reports of suicides of women whose marriage proposals were broken off, suggesting that the superstition of fire horse births affected women's marriages.[a] In his novel Gubijinzō published in 1907, Natsume Soseki describes Fujio, an evil woman who deceives the main character, as being "a fire horse".[10]
The novelist Ango Sakaguchi, who was born in this year, was given the name Heigo (炳五), which means fire horse (丙午 (へいご), heigo), and left a story in his writings about how he was told by relatives that it was "lucky he was born a man". Sakaguchi predicted that this superstition would not go away, which would turn out to be the case in 1966.[11]
Births in 1966
editThis superstition remained strong in the Shōwa era, and the birth rate in 1966 dropped 25% from the previous year.[12] Many couples avoided having children or had abortions, especially in rural and regional areas[b] and the number of births was extremely low compared to other years, with only 1,360,974 births.[13] On the other hand, the number of births between the previous year and the following year increased.
Since there were fewer children born in 1966, it was often discussed at the time whether it was easier to take high school and college entrance examinations in this school year (the population including early-borns in 1967 was about 1.6 million[14]) than in other years, but there was no significant difference in the general college entrance rate. While no such increase was seen, the rate of entry into public universities increased in 1985.[12] Additionally, in 1985 the first child rate was 50.9%, the highest ever in statistical history. [citation needed]
On the other hand, Japanese local governments took the following actions against fire horse superstitions: In November 1965, the Yamagata District Legal Affairs Bureau of the Ministry of Justice sponsored the "Fire Horse Banishment Campaign" in Yamagata City, and on the 21st of the same month, a parade was held in the city to raise awareness of the issue. According to the Legal Affairs Bureau, this was due to a number of consultations regarding the issue of childbearing, which led to divorce settlements and harassment from neighbors.[15] A similar movement was also underway in Kasukawa-mura in Gunma Prefecture (now Kasukawa-cho, Maebashi), led by the village mayor, who declared it a "village of banishment of superstition". The village office conducted a survey of 1,400 women born in 1906 and the years before and after, and worked to publicize the fact that fire horse superstitions have no basis.[16] The city of Kurume in Fukuoka Prefecture strongly rejected fire horse beliefs in its public relations paper, calling it "a fairy tale from once upon a time", "a truly strange custom most unbecoming of a scientific Japan, which last year produced its second Nobel Prize winner", and "of the world of fairy tales".[17]
Births in 2026
editThe next year of the fire horse will be 2026. The World Bank has speculated that the trend will not continue in 2026.[18]
Footnotes
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Haberman, Clyde (1987-01-15). "Japan's Zodiac: '66 was a very odd year". The New York Times. Retrieved 2015-10-21.
- ^ Kaku, Kanae (April 1975). "Increased induced abortion rate in 1966, an aspect of a Japanese folk superstition". Annals of Human Biology. 2 (2): 111–115. doi:10.1080/03014467500000651. PMID 1052742.
- ^ "［どらく］ - 朝日新聞がビートルズ世代に贈る、こだわりエンターテインメントサイト". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2022-03-11.
- ^ "東京消防庁＜消防マメ知識＞＜消防雑学事典＞". www.tfd.metro.tokyo.lg.jp. Retrieved 2022-03-11.
- ^ "2007年│過去の展示一覧│江戸東京たてもの園". 2012-08-19. Archived from the original on 19 August 2012. Retrieved 2022-03-11.
- ^ 井原西鶴 原著、吉行淳之介 現代語訳『好色五人女』河出書房新社、1979年、pp.66-86
- ^ サライ責任編集『十代目桂文治』昭和の名人完結編、小学館、2011年、pp.11-12および付属CD「八百屋お七」
- ^ 竹野 静男「西鶴-海音の遺産 八百屋お七物の展開」『日本文学』vol.32、日本文学協会編集刊行、1983年、p.11
- ^ 高橋眞一「明治大正期における地域人口の自然増加と移動の関連性」『國民經濟雜誌』187巻4号、神戸大学、2003年。
- ^ 虞美人草 (夏目 漱石) (in Japanese).
- ^ 坂口安吾. "坂口安吾 ヒノエウマの話". www.aozora.gr.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 2022-03-11.
- ^ a b http://www.jil.go.jp/institute/zassi/backnumber/2007/12/pdf/017-028.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- ^ 内閣府『青少年白書』平成18年版
- ^ https://www8.cao.go.jp/cstp/tyousakai/kihon5/1kai/siryo6-2-7.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- ^ Kahoku Shimpō November 1965
- ^ "Vol.78 ひのえうま 「迷信の追放」に挑んだ村 昭和41年（1/2）- 昭和史再訪セレクション - 地球発 - [どらく]". 2012-01-23. Archived from the original on 23 January 2012. Retrieved 2022-03-11.
- ^ 「暮らしのしおり」 久留米市役所『市政くるめ』第188号 1966年1月5日
- ^ "The curse of the Fire-Horse: How superstition impacted fertility rates in Japan". blogs.worldbank.org. 22 January 2019. Retrieved 2022-03-26.
Annotations
edit- ^ An example from the press "Girls turning 19 this year, troubled by superstitions; caught up in the distantly related 'fire horse' superstition", Asahi Shimbun, February 10, 1924 Morning Edition (in Japanese).
- ^ Statistics also reported a high number of abortions. "Abortion in Japan is Unusually High," Asahi Shimbun, August 22, 1966, Evening Edition (in Japanese).