Opopanax is the commercial name of bisabol or bissabol, the fragrant oleo-gum-resin of Commiphora guidottii. It has been a major export article from Somalia since ancient times, and is called hebbakhade, habaghadi or habak hadi (habbak haddi) in Somali. It is an important ingredient in perfumery and therefore known as scented myrrh, sweet myrrh, perfumed myrrh or perfumed bdellium.[1]
Sometimes the oleo-gum-resin of Commiphora holtziana (often treated as a synonym of C. erythraea or C. kataf), called habak hagar, habaq hagar ad[1] or habbak harr[2] in Somali, is also sold under the name of opopanax.[1]
Etymology
edit"Opopanax" originally refers to the gum resin from plants of the genus Opoponax which is used in herbal medicine rather than perfumery. In the early 20th century, the name "opopanax" was misapplied to bisabol in perfumery. Nowadays the true opopanax is seldom used and the commercial opopanax is almost exclusively bisabol. To distinguish bisabol from the true opoponax, it is often alternatively spelled opoponax, and sometimes referred to as the opopanax of perfumery or perfumery's opopanax.[1]
Botanical origin
editThe true botanical origin of perfumery's opopanax is a tree native to Somalia and Ethiopia, Commiphora guidottii Chiov. ex Guid., known as hadi in Somali.[1]
It has been mistakenly believed that the opopanax of perfumery comes from Commiphora erythraea (Ehrenb.) Engl. or Commiphora kataf subsp. erythraea (Ehrenb.) J.B.Gillett, owing to historical misidentification.[1] C. erythraea sensu stricto is narrowly distributed in the coastal region of the Red Sea,[1] but C. erythraea sensu lato incorporates Commiphora holtziana Engl. which is widely distributed in East Africa,[3] known as hagar ad or hagar in Somali.[1] The oleo-gum-resin of hagar ad is sometimes sold under the name of opopanax or perfumed bdellium.[1][4] This is not only because of historical misidentification,[1] but also attributable to their similar scents.[4] The oleo-gum-resin of hagar ad (C. holtziana or C. erythraea) is considered the second strongest-scented bdellium after that of hadi (C. guidottii).[4]
Uses
editA resinoid is prepared from the oleo-gum-resin by solvent extraction. Steam distillation of the resin gives the essential oil, which has a warm, sweet, balsamic odor. Opopanax oil and resinoid are used in perfumes with oriental characteristics. An IFRA recommendation exists.[5]
See also
edit- L'Opoponax, a 1964 novel by Monique Wittig
- Opopanax (genus)
- Myrrh
- Bdellium
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Thulin, Mats; Claeson, Per (1991). "The botanical origin of scented myrrh (bissabol or habak hadi)". Economic Botany. 45 (4): 487–494. doi:10.1007/BF02930711. ISSN 0013-0001. JSTOR 4255391. S2CID 22229398.
- ^ Cufodontis, Georg (1956). "Supplement: Enumeratio Plantarum Aethiopiae Spermatophyta (Sequentia)". Bulletin du Jardin botanique de l'État à Bruxelles. 26 (3): 345–440. doi:10.2307/3666927. ISSN 0374-6313. JSTOR 3666927.
- ^ Gillett, Jan Bevington (1991). Flora of Tropical East Africa: Burseraceae. Boca Raton, FL, US: CRC Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-90-6191-355-9.
- ^ a b c Drake-Brockman, Ralph E. (1912). British Somaliland. London, England: Hurst & Blackett, Ltd. pp. 312–313.
- ^ Karl-Georg Fahlbusch; et al. (2007), "Flavors and Fragrances", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (7th ed.), Wiley, pp. 107–108