Bivitellobilharzia nairi is a species of trematodes, part of the family Schistosomatidae.[3] This is a fairly new identified endoparasite that was found in 1945 by Mudaliar and Ramanujachari, who first recorded the parasite in India. Researchers collected fecal samples of the Indian rhinoceros and were startled to find B. nairi eggs.[4]
| Bivitellobilharzia nairi | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Platyhelminthes |
| Class: | Trematoda |
| Order: | Diplostomida |
| Family: | Schistosomatidae |
| Species: | S. nairi
|
| Binomial name | |
| Schistosomatidae nairi | |
Morphology
editThe morphological characteristics of the egg are a spindle shape with a terminal spine[5] The eggs are characteristically similar to schistosome eggs. They also share a distinct similarity with the eggs of the elephant blood fluke. Researchers sequenced specific sections of the fluke egg's DNA and found that the elephant blood fluke and the rhinoceros blood fluke matched sequences with each other.[6] Both species are hosts to the same parasites. The elephant schistosome is able to infect the Indian rhinoceros. Elephants and Indian rhinoceros must share the same physiological structures to be infected by the same B. nairi parasite. They also share the same habitat, making transmission from one species to the other fairly easy.[citation needed]
Transmission
editThe elephant schistosome is a parasitic trematode that uses the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) as a definitive host. Two other hosts may be the Indian elephant and the greater one-horned rhinoceros.[6] Once the elephant is infected, it releases schistosome eggs in its feces near a freshwater habitat, where it infects the intermediate host, snails.[5] The cercariae larval stage of the parasite are released into fresh water and become free-swimming parasites to then penetrate the hosts' skin. Once inside the mammal, the cercariae lose their tails during infection and pair with an adult worm to sexually reproduce. Eggs produced in host are passed in feces to then be deposited in fresh water once again and release the miracidia within. The miracidia then penetrate the snail host tissue. These freshwater snails have been confirmed to be intermediate hosts. So far, two intermediate snail genera have been identified, Indoplanorbis exustus and Lymnaea luteola.[citation needed]
Symptoms
editElephants and Indian rhinoceros may experience loss of appetite, constipation, suppression of urination, and even vomiting. B. nairi can be found to be living in the portal veins of these mammals.[citation needed]
Treatment
editEducation is important in preventing infection with B. nairi in elephants and rhinoceros. Praziquantel has been shown to reduce the severity of symptoms.[citation needed]
References
edit- ^ Agrawal, M. C.; Rao, V. G. (29 October 2011). "Indian Schistosomes: A Need for Further Investigations". Journal of Parasitology Research. 2011: e250868. doi:10.1155/2011/250868. PMC 3205607. PMID 22132307.
- ^ "EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE SCHISTOSOMATIDAE (PLATYHELMINTHES: DIGENEA) AND AN ASIAN ORIGIN FOR SCHISTOSOMA". meridian.allenpress.com. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
- ^ "Bivitellobilharzia - Overview". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
- ^ Agrawal, M. C. (2012). Schistosome and Schistosomiasis in South Asia. Springer. p. 304.
- ^ a b Vimalraj, P. G.; Jayathangaraj, M. G.; Sridhar, R.; Senthikumar, T. M. A.; Latchumikanthan, A (October 2012). "Elephant schistosome (Bivitellobilharzia nairi) in free-ranging Asian elephants (Elphas maximus)of Sathyamangalam forest division of Tamil Nadu State". Journal of Veterinary Parasitology. 26 (1): 80–81.
- ^ a b Devkota, R.; Brant, S.V.; Thapa, A.; Loker, E.S. (2014) [Published online 2012]. "Sharing schistosomes: the elephant schistosome Bivitellobilharzia nairi also infects the greater one-horned rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) in Chitwan National Park, Nepal". Journal of Helminthology. 88 (1): 32–40. doi:10.1017/S0022149X12000697. PMID 23113960. S2CID 7039264.
Further reading
edit- Vila-Garcia, Gracia, DVM. "Schistosomiasis in Waterfowl and Elephants." (Parasitic Disease). WILDPRO, 01 Mar. 2001. Web. 13 Dec. 2016.
- Devkota, R., S. V. Brant, A. Thapa, and E. S. Loker. "Sharing Schistosomes: The Elephant Schistosome Bivitellobilharzia nairi Also Infects the Greater One-horned Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) in Chitwan National Park, Nepal." Journal of Helminthology. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 31 Oct. 2012. Web. 13 Dec. 2016.