In Chinese mythology, biyiniao (Chinese: 比翼鳥; variously translated as linked-wing birds,[1] shared-wings birds,[2] and likewing birds[3]), also known as manman (Chinese: 蠻蠻), are birds with one eye and one wing each, that must attach to one another and fly in pairs. According to the ancient dictionary Erya, its proper name is jianjian (Chinese: 鶼鶼).[1]
Descriptions
editFrom the ancient text Classic of Mountains and Seas (trans. Anne Birrell):[4]
...There is a bird here which looks like a duck but it only has one wing and one eye. It can only fly if it and another bird join together. Its name is the southwild [manman]. Whenever it appears, there will be severe floods over all under the sky.
— Book Two, The Classic of the Western Mountains, Chapter 3.
...The country of Likewingbird lies to its east. These birds are green and scarlet. The birds fly in twos, wings to wings. One author says that this country lies east of Mount South.
— Book Six, The Classic of Regions Beyond the Seas: The South.
Cultural significance
editBiyiniao appeared in Han[2] and Goguryeo tomb art,[5] and has evolved into a popular cultural symbol of steadfast affection. The famous poem "Changhenge" or "Song of Everlasting Regret" by Bai Juyi (772–846), which retells the love story between Emperor Xuanzong of Tang and his consort Yang Yuhuan, invoked this metaphor,[6] as did poetry by Cao Zhi (192–232) and Chen Weisong (1626–1682).[1] For example, the last four lines of a Cao Zhi poem read:
山川阻且遠 |
The mountains and rivers are rugged and distant; |
| —from "Seeing off Mr. Ying, No. 2" (送應氏 其二) | —translated by Robert Joe Cutter[7] |
See also
edit- Mandarin ducks, another symbol of conjugal love in Chinese culture
- Conjoined twins
References
edit- ^ a b c Tsao, Joanne (2020). The City of Ye in the Chinese Literary Landscape. Brill. p. 159. ISBN 978-90-04-42013-7. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
- ^ a b Strassberg, Richard E. (2002). A Chinese Bestiary: Strange Creatures from the Guideways Through Mountains and Seas. University of California Press. p. 104. ISBN 0-520-21844-2. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
- ^ The Classic of Mountains and Seas. Translated by Anne Birrell. Penguin Books. 1999. pp. 235–236.
- ^ The Classic of Mountains and Seas. Translated by Anne Birrell. Penguin Books. 1999. pp. 21, 109.
- ^ "Tokhung-ri Tomb". Northeast Asian History Network. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
- ^ Barnstone, Tony; Chou Ping, eds. (2005). The Anchor Book of Chinese Poetry: From Ancient to Contemporary, The Full 3000-Year Tradition. Anchor Books. ISBN 0-385-72198-6.
- ^ Cutter, Robert Joe (2021). The Poetry of Cao Zhi. De Gruyter. ISBN 9781501515637. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
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