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Black-striped capuchin

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The black-striped capuchin (Sapajus libidinosus), also known as the bearded capuchin, is a New World monkey in the family Cebidae. They can be found in northern and central Brazil. These capuchins mostly live in dry forests, and savannah landscapes between the Rio Araguaia and the Rio Grande.[3] Known for its tool use, the black-striped capuchin has been shown to use tools in a wide variety of situations, ranging from using rocks for nut cracking to using sticks for digging.[4][5][6][7] They were, until recently, considered a subspecies of the tufted capuchin, but because of more research and insights, they are considered their own species by many.[8]

Black-striped capuchin[1]
Adult female and juvenile
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
Family: Cebidae
Genus: Sapajus
Species:
S. libidinosus
Binomial name
Sapajus libidinosus
(Spix, 1823)
Range of S. libidinosus, excluding the subspecies cay and juruanus
Synonyms

Cebus libidinosus

They often live in highly social groups ranging from 6-20 individuals. Females are philopatric, show coalition, and linear dominance hierarchy.[9] Females reach sexual maturity around 5 years of age and give birth about every 24 months to a single infant.

Taxonomy

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The black-striped capuchin is a New World monkey and a member of the Cebidae family, which contains both capuchins and squirrel monkeys. Until the past few decades[when?], the black-striped capuchin was considered a subspecies of the tufted capuchin but has slowly become accepted as a separate species over time.[10][11] Even within the black-striped capuchin species, we see more taxonomical debate, as the southern population is sometimes considered a species of its own as well, called Azaras's capuchin.[8]

Reproduction

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In black-striped capuchins, we see an interesting mating behavior. When a female decides she is ready to mate, she will follow a male around attempting to get his attention. This can happen in various forms, one that has been described is the act of throwing rocks and sticks.[12] Males will react first with disinterest and aggression, this is followed by a behavior dubbed "touch and go". Females will touch a male, and then flee before the male can inflict aggression. After some time, males react with interest and the pair can mate.[3][9]

Females have offspring on average once every two years to a single infant. This infant will be initially carried on the mothers belly, but will transition to her back. They forage independently at two years of age, and are weaned slowly.[3]

Physical description

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Black-striped capuchins have only a few physical features that distinguish them from other tufted capuchins. Similarly, to other tufted capuchins they have thick and strong tails. They have fur colored light to dark brown on their body, with darker black fur on their tail, arms, legs, and head. They get the name "bearded capuchin" because they tend to have darker faces, but lighter hair around their mouth and lower face.[3] As they reach sexual maturity, they get dark spots on their head as well as sideburns on their face. Yet the features that most distinguish them include their orange fur on their neck as well as their yellow tinted fur on their dorsal side.

Males and females often have a similar height of around 37 cm (14.6 in) but show strong sexual dimorphism in their weights, with males around 3.5 kg and females around 2.1 kg.[13] Black-striped capuchins look very similar to other tufted capuchins, but importantly, they have a lighter coloration on the lower portion of their face, which earned them their name.[3] The bearded capuchin can live up to 25 years in the wild, but much longer when in captivity.[3]

Behavior

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Young pet monkey in Brownsweg, Suriname

The black-striped capuchin is best known for its use of tools. Their use of tools can be found in many aspects of their life and they were the first non-ape primate to have been documented using tools. They have been known to take nuts, place them on a stone anvil, and use another stone to crack them open.[5] Aside from that, they have also been seen using tools to dig in the ground.[4] Using tools to dig, they can find foods like roots, tubers, as well as scare prey out of hiding spots.[14] Sticks also seem to be used to probe as well as dip for honey in the wild. Stones play an interesting role in reproduction, as females will throw them at males for attention.[12] The monkeys also have found ways to use tools as a form of intimidation. It has been shown that they also use stones to make loud noises in order to intimidate potential predators.[15]

Males have been seen to use sticks and tools more often than females. When studied, it was clear that females use tools at the same rate as males for the first 10 months, but after that, due to environmental surroundings, they use sticks less and less compared to males.[16][17]

This use of tools is a very well defined trait in black-striped capuchins and has been traced back over three thousand years.[18] This is so well defined that the forearm muscles in black-striped capuchins are well defined for complex tool use.[19]

In their natural environment, black-striped capuchins are diurnal and spend much of their day travelling in search of food, especially since they live in drier areas.[3] This leads them to spend more time travelling terrestrially, primarily quadrupedally and rarely walking bipedally to use tools.[3]

Diet

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The diet consists of a wide range of foods. Fruits, nuts, insects, small vertebrates, flowers, and leaves.[20][21] From this variety they especially eat fruits.[3]

Distribution

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Black-striped capuchins can be found in northern and central Brazil. Specifically, in the Cerrados, Caatingas, and Pantanal of Brazil.[21]

References

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  1. ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 137. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ Martins, A.B.; Fialho, M.S.; Jerusalinsky, L.; Valença-Montenegro, M.M.; Bezerra, B.M.; Laroque, P.O.; de Melo, F.R.; Lynch Alfaro, J.W. (2021). "Sapajus libidinosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T136346A192593226. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T136346A192593226.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Bearded Capuchin". New England Primate Conservancy. Retrieved 25 October 2021.
  4. ^ a b Falótico, Tiago; Siqueira, José O.; Ottoni, Eduardo B. (24 July 2017). "Digging up food: excavation stone tool use by wild capuchin monkeys". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 6278. Bibcode:2017NatSR...7.6278F. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-06541-0. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5524703. PMID 28740211.
  5. ^ a b Fragaszy, Dorothy; Izar, Patrícia; Visalberghi, Elisabetta; Ottoni, Eduardo B.; Oliveira, Marino Gomes de (2004). "Wild capuchin monkeys (Cebus libidinosus) use anvils and stone pounding tools". American Journal of Primatology. 64 (4): 359–366. doi:10.1002/ajp.20085. ISSN 1098-2345. PMID 15580579. S2CID 16222308.
  6. ^ Spagnoletti, Noemi; Visalberghi, Elisabetta; Ottoni, Eduardo; Izar, Patricia; Fragaszy, Dorothy (1 July 2011). "Stone tool use by adult wild bearded capuchin monkeys (Cebus libidinosus). Frequency, efficiency and tool selectivity". Journal of Human Evolution. 61 (1): 97–107. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.02.010. ISSN 0047-2484. PMID 21470663.
  7. ^ Waga, I. C.; Dacier, A. K.; Pinha, P. S.; Tavares, M. C. H. (2006). "Spontaneous Tool Use by Wild Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus libidinosus) in the Cerrado". Folia Primatologica. 77 (5): 337–344. doi:10.1159/000093698. ISSN 0015-5713. PMID 16912501. S2CID 19546828.
  8. ^ a b Ludwig, Gabriela; Santos, Maurício C. dos; Mollinedo, Jesús Martínez; Rímoli, José; Alfaro, Jessica W. Lynch; Group), Fabiano R. de Melo (IUCN SSC Primate Specialist (26 January 2015). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Sapajus cay". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-1.rlts.t136366a192593536.en.
  9. ^ a b Izar, Patrícia; Verderane, Michele P.; Peternelli-dos-Santos, Lucas; Mendonça-Furtado, Olívia; Presotto, Andréa; Tokuda, Marcos; Visalberghi, Elisabetta; Fragaszy, Dorothy (April 2012). "Flexible and conservative features of social systems in tufted capuchin monkeys: comparing the socioecology of Sapajus libidinosus and Sapajus nigritus: Socioecology of Tufted Capuchin Monkeys". American Journal of Primatology. 74 (4): 315–331. doi:10.1002/ajp.20968. PMID 21656840. S2CID 14386838.
  10. ^ Groves, Colin P (2001). Primate Taxonomy. Smithsonian Institution Press.
  11. ^ Seamons, G.R. (July 2006). "Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd edition)2006269Edited by Don E. Wilson and DeeAnn M. Reeder. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd edition). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press 2005. , ISBN: 0 8018 8221 4 £83.50 $125 2 vols". Reference Reviews. 20 (5): 41–42. doi:10.1108/09504120610673024. ISSN 0950-4125.
  12. ^ a b Falótico, Tiago; Ottoni, Eduardo B. (21 November 2013). "Stone Throwing as a Sexual Display in Wild Female Bearded Capuchin Monkeys, Sapajus libidinosus". PLOS ONE. 8 (11): e79535. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...879535F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0079535. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3836890. PMID 24278147.
  13. ^ Fragaszy, Dorothy M.; Izar, Patricia; Liu, Qing; Eshchar, Yonat; Young, Leigh Anna; Visalberghi, Elisabetta (2016). "Body mass in wild bearded capuchins, (Sapajus libidinosus): Ontogeny and sexual dimorphism". American Journal of Primatology. 78 (4): 473–484. doi:10.1002/ajp.22509. ISSN 1098-2345. PMID 26637804. S2CID 29713017.
  14. ^ Spagnoletti, Noemi; Visalberghi, Elisabetta; Verderane, Michele P.; Ottoni, Eduardo; Izar, Patricia; Fragaszy, Dorothy (1 May 2012). "Stone tool use in wild bearded capuchin monkeys, Cebus libidinosus. Is it a strategy to overcome food scarcity?". Animal Behaviour. 83 (5): 1285–1294. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.03.002. ISSN 0003-3472. S2CID 1046994.
  15. ^ Moura, Antonio Christian de A. (2007). "Stone Banging by Wild Capuchin Monkeys: An Unusual Auditory Display". Folia Primatologica. 78 (1): 36–45. doi:10.1159/000095684. ISSN 0015-5713. PMID 17170555. S2CID 2988770.
  16. ^ Falótico, Tiago; Ottoni, Eduardo B. (1 October 2014). "Sexual bias in probe tool manufacture and use by wild bearded capuchin monkeys". Behavioural Processes. 108: 117–122. doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2014.09.036. ISSN 0376-6357. PMID 25446625. S2CID 8170698.
  17. ^ Falótico, Tiago; Bueno, Carolina Q.; Ottoni, Eduardo B. (2021). "Ontogeny and sex differences in object manipulation and probe tool use by wild tufted capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus)". American Journal of Primatology. 83 (5): e23251. doi:10.1002/ajp.23251. ISSN 1098-2345. PMID 33666265. S2CID 232122464.
  18. ^ Falótico, Tiago; Proffitt, Tomos; Ottoni, Eduardo B.; Staff, Richard A.; Haslam, Michael (July 2019). "Three thousand years of wild capuchin stone tool use". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 3 (7): 1034–1038. Bibcode:2019NatEE...3.1034F. doi:10.1038/s41559-019-0904-4. ISSN 2397-334X. PMID 31235926. S2CID 195329887.
  19. ^ Aversi-Ferreira, Tales Alexandre; Maior, Rafael Souto; Carneiro-e-Silva, Frederico O.; Aversi-Ferreira, Roqueline A. G. M. F.; Tavares, Maria Clotilde; Nishijo, Hisao; Tomaz, Carlos (15 July 2011). "Comparative Anatomical Analyses of the Forearm Muscles of Cebus libidinosus (Rylands et al. 2000): Manipulatory Behavior and Tool Use". PLOS ONE. 6 (7): e22165. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...622165A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022165. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3137621. PMID 21789230.
  20. ^ Chalk-Wilayto, Janine; Ossi-Lupo, Kerry; Raguet-Schofield, Melissa (1 September 2016). "Growing up tough: Comparing the effects of food toughness on juvenile feeding in Sapajus libidinosus and Trachypithecus phayrei crepusculus". Journal of Human Evolution. Food Materials Testing and its Relevance for Primate Biology. 98: 76–89. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.07.004. ISSN 0047-2484. PMID 27544691.
  21. ^ a b "The black-striped capuchin (Sapajus libidinosus)". HFMO. Retrieved 25 October 2021.
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