The Black radical tradition[1] is a philosophical tradition and political ideology with roots in 20th century North America. It is a "collection of cultural, intellectual, action-oriented labor aimed at disrupting social, political, economic, and cultural norms originating in anti-colonial and antislavery efforts."[2] It was first popularised by Cedric Robinson's book Black Marxism.[3]
Influential concepts from the Black radical tradition include abolition, racial capitalism, and intersectionality.[4] The Black radical tradition is closely related to anti-colonial, decolonial thought and Marxist third worldism.[5][6]
Prominent figures and movements associated with the Black radical tradition include W. E. B. Du Bois, Malcolm X, the Black Panther Party, Angela Davis, the civil rights movement, Black feminism, Négritude, Afrocentrism, Black liberation theology, the Black Consciousness and Black Power movements; contemporary movements like Black Lives Matter have also been included in the tradition. A prominent Black Radical journal is Race & Class.[7]
Thinkers
edit- Herbert Aptheker
- Ella Baker
- Amiri Baraka
- Gargi Bhattacharyya[8]
- Steve Biko
- Amílcar Cabral[9]
- Aimé Césaire
- Oliver Cox
- Basil Davidson
- Angela Davis[10]
- Aria Dean[11]
- Frederick Douglass
- W. E. B. Du Bois[12]
- Frantz Fanon[13]
- Marcus Garvey
- Ruth Wilson Gilmore[14]
- Paul Gilroy[15]
- Lewis Gordon[16]
- Stuart Hall[17]
- Fred Hampton
- Harry Haywood
- Gerald Horne[18]
- George Jackson[19]
- Mumia Abu Jamal
- C. L. R. James[20]
- Claudia Jones
- Robin Kelley[21]
- Audre Lorde[22]
- Katherine McKittrick[23]
- Achille Mbembe[24]
- Mao Zedong[25]
- Fred Moten
- John Narayan[26]
- Huey P. Newton[27]
- Kwame Nkrumah
- Luke De Noronha.[28]
- George Padmore
- Geronimo Pratt
- A Philip Randolph
- Cedric Robinson[29]
- Walter Rodney[30]
- Assata Shakur
- Ambalavaner Sivanandan[31]
- Barbara Smith[32]
- Ahmed Sékou Touré
- Kwame Ture[33]
- Cornel West[34]
- Eric Williams[35]
- Ida B Wells
- Robert F. Williams
- Sylvia Wynter[36]
- Malcolm X[37]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "What Is This Black in the Black Radical Tradition?". Verso. Retrieved 2023-04-16.
- ^ ""The Black Radical Tradition of Resistance" | U-M LSA National Center for Institutional Diversity". lsa.umich.edu. Retrieved 2023-04-16.
- ^ Winterhalter, Elizabeth (2021-11-11). "Cedric Robinson and the Black Radical Tradition". JSTOR Daily. Retrieved 2023-04-16.
- ^ Edwards, Zophia (2020-01-01), Eidlin, Barry; A. McCarthy, Michael (eds.), "Applying the Black Radical Tradition: Class, Race, and a New Foundation for Studies of Development", Rethinking Class and Social Difference, Political Power and Social Theory, vol. 37, Emerald Publishing Limited, pp. 155–183, doi:10.1108/s0198-871920200000037008, ISBN 978-1-83982-020-5, S2CID 224890460, retrieved 2023-04-19
- ^ Pulido, Laura; De Lara, Juan (March 2018). "Reimagining 'justice' in environmental justice: Radical ecologies, decolonial thought, and the Black Radical Tradition". Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space. 1 (1–2): 76–98. doi:10.1177/2514848618770363. ISSN 2514-8486.
- ^ Knox, Robert; Kumar, Ashok (2023-08-03). "Reexamining Race and Capitalism in the Marxist Tradition – Editorial Introduction". Historical Materialism. 31 (2): 25–48. doi:10.1163/1569206x-bja10012. ISSN 1465-4466.
- ^ "Race & Class". Institute of Race Relations. Retrieved 2023-05-24.
- ^ "Rethinking Racial Capitalism". blackwells.co.uk. Retrieved 2023-04-19.
- ^ Resistance and Decolonization.
- ^ "Angela Davis: An Interview on the Futures of Black Radicalism". Verso. Retrieved 2023-04-19.
- ^ "Notes on Blacceleration - Journal #87". www.e-flux.com. Retrieved 2023-05-18.
- ^ Burden-Stelly, Charisse (2018-09-02). "W.E.B. Du Bois in the Tradition of Radical Blackness: Radicalism, Repression, and Mutual Comradeship, 1930–1960". Socialism and Democracy. 32 (3): 181–206. doi:10.1080/08854300.2018.1575070. ISSN 0885-4300. S2CID 150870410.
- ^ Africana Critical Theory: Reconstructing The Black Radical Tradition, From W. E. B. Du Bois and C. L. R. James to Frantz Fanon and Amilcar Cabral.
- ^ "Oct. 8: Ruth Wilson Gilmore to speak". UDaily. Retrieved 2023-04-19.
- ^ ""The People Who Keep on Going": A Futures of Black Radicalism Listenin". Verso. Retrieved 2023-04-19.
- ^ "Fear of Black Consciousness: Lewis Gordon Interview | Philosophy Break". philosophybreak.com. Retrieved 2023-05-18.
- ^ "230312 Exploring the Black Radical Tradition". Bishopsgate Institute. 12 March 2023. Retrieved 2023-04-19.
- ^ Sinitiere, Phillip Luke (2022). "Comrades in the Struggle for Black Freedom". Phylon. 59 (1): 107–127. JSTOR 27150917.
- ^ Berger, Dan. "'From Dachau with Love': George Jackson, Black Radical Memory, and the Transnational Political Vision of Prison Abolition". In Chase, Robert T. (ed.). Caging Borders and Carceral States: Incarcerations, Immigration Detentions, and Resistance. pp. 355–384. Retrieved 2023-04-19 – via academic.oup.com.
- ^ Robinson, Cedric J. (1983). "C. L. R. James and the Black Radical Tradition". Review (Fernand Braudel Center). 6 (3): 321–391. ISSN 0147-9032. JSTOR 40240940.
- ^ Kelley, Robin (2021). "Why Black Marxism, Why Now?". Boston Review.
- ^ Richards, Sandra; Lemelle, Sidney J. (2005). "Chapter One: Pedagogy, Politics, and Power: ANTINOMIES of the BLACK RADICAL TRADITION". Counterpoints. 237: 5–31. JSTOR 42978673.
- ^ "Black Radical Tradition Group". 3 October 2021.
- ^ Mbembe, Achille. Critique of Black Reason.
- ^ Kelley, Robin D.G.; Esch, Betsy (September 1999). "Black like Mao: Red China and black revolution". Souls. 1 (4): 6–41. doi:10.1080/10999949909362183. ISSN 1099-9949. S2CID 143732016.
- ^ Narayan, John (2019). "British Black Power: The anti-imperialism of political blackness and the problem of nativist socialism". The Sociological Review. 67 (5): 945–967. doi:10.1177/0038026119845550. S2CID 150411821.
- ^ "Black Radical Tradition". Aaron Benanav. Retrieved 2023-04-19.
- ^ "Empire's Endgame". Pluto Press. Retrieved 2023-04-19.
- ^ Robinson, Cedric J.; Sojoyner, Damien; Willoughby-Herard, Tiffany (1983). Black Marxism, Revised and Updated Third Edition: The Making of the Black Radical Tradition (3 ed.). University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-4696-6372-2. JSTOR 10.5149/9781469663746_robinson.
- ^ "Decolonial Marxism". Verso. Retrieved 2023-04-19.
- ^ Virdee, Satnam (2000). "A Marxist Critique of Black Radical Theories of Trade-union Racism". Sociology. 34 (3): 545–565. doi:10.1177/S003803850000033X. ISSN 0038-0385. JSTOR 42856201. S2CID 146747065.
- ^ Taylor, Keeanga-Yamahtta (20 July 2020). "Until Black Women Are Free, None of Us Will be Free". The New Yorker.
- ^ Hirsch, Afua (2018-08-14). "Back to Black: Retelling Black Radicalism for the 21st Century by Kehinde Andrews – review". The Observer. ISSN 0029-7712. Retrieved 2023-05-20.
- ^ West, Cornel (1988). "Black Radicalism and the Marxist Tradition". Monthly Review. 40 (4): 51. doi:10.14452/MR-040-04-1988-08_5.
- ^ "SO4C2 Racial Capitalism".
- ^ Thomas, Greg (2001). "Sex/Sexuality & Sylvia Wynter's "Beyond...": Anti-Colonial Ideas in "Black Radical Tradition"". Journal of West Indian Literature. 10 (1/2): 92–118. JSTOR 23019781.
- ^ Rabaka, Reiland (November 2002). "Malcolm X and/as Critical Theory: Philosophy, Radical Politics, and the African American Search for Social Justice". Journal of Black Studies. 33 (2): 145–165. doi:10.1177/002193402237222. ISSN 0021-9347. S2CID 145478798.