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Block scheduling or blocking is a type of academic scheduling used in some schools in the American K-12 system, in which students have fewer but longer classes per day than in a traditional academic schedule. It is more common in middle and high schools than in primary schools. In one form of block scheduling, a single class will meet every day for a number of days, after which another class will take its place. In another form, daily classes rotate through a changing daily cycle.[1]
Blocks offer more concentrated experiences of subjects, with fewer, usually half as many if going through a schedule transfer, classes daily.
Description
editUnder a traditional American schedule, pupils in a high school will study seven subjects a day for 45 minutes for each day of the week for a semester. There will be two semesters in the year so 14 subjects could be studied. Some pupils will not study all seven subjects. There was great variety as each school board was free to decide the requirement.[2]
| Traditional Scheduling | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Time | Semester 1 | Semester 2 | |
| Before 09:45 | Sports training some electives | ||
| 09:45 – 10:30 | Government | Economics | |
| 10:30 – 11:15 | French | French | |
| 11:15 – 12:00 | Geometry | Geometry | |
| 12:00 – 13:00 | Lunch | ||
| 13:00 – 13:45 | Computing 1 | Computing 2 | |
| 13:45 – 14:30 | Biology | Biology | |
| 14:30 – 15:15 | English | English | |
| 15:15 – 16:00 | PE | PE[2] | |
Schedules
editMany forms of block scheduling were devised.[2]
Alternate day block scheduling
editAlso referred to as A/B block scheduling, Odd/Even block scheduling, or Day 1/Day 2 block scheduling. Students take three to four courses, around 90–120 minutes in length, per day all year long on alternating days resulting in a full six or eight courses per year.[3][4]
4x4 block scheduling
editStudents take four courses, around 90 minutes in length, every day for the first semester and take four different courses every day for the second semester. This results in a full eight courses taken per year.[3][4]
Waldorf blocking
editWaldorf schools traditionally employ a mixed approach. Certain academic subjects are taught in intensive three to five week blocks known as main lesson blocks, while other subjects are taught in regularly meeting skills classes.[5]
Effectiveness
edit"Where we were able to combine data to produce summary effect sizes, we found that 4 x 4 block scheduling resulted in higher cross subject achievement than traditional schedules. However, the outcome average cross-subject achievement could conceal worsening performance in some subjects and better performance in others."[6]
A systematic review on Block Scheduling was also conducted by Dickson et al. (2010) at the EPPI-Centre which asserts that there is no conclusive evidence to support the introduction of policy guidance on the use of block scheduling in secondary schools in the UK. Although the findings do not indicate that participating in block schedules would produce negative outcomes for pupils across subjects, neither are the positive effects of block scheduling strong enough to recommend their implementation.[7]
Criticism
editSome critics believe that certain subjects suffer from a lack of daily exposure to subject matter and practice that occurs with an A/B block schedule. Courses like mathematics, foreign languages, and music may benefit from daily practice and suffer from a lack thereof.[8]
A University of Virginia study of 8,000 college students found that students who had block scheduling in high school performed worse in university science courses.[1]
Some students are better able to manage their time with nightly homework in every class, while other students do better with larger homework assignments that are spaced out over several days. Some subjects may benefit from daily drills while other subjects may lend themselves to less frequent homework projects. Mid-term transfers between schools with different schedules can be problematic in cases where the schedules are different.[8]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b "Block scheduling: Not helping high school students perform better in college science" Archived January 23, 2008, at the Wayback Machine by Robert Tai
- ^ a b c H, Natasha. "What Is High School Block Scheduling? Block vs Traditional Schedules". Owlcation. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
- ^ a b Trenta, Louis; Newman, Isadore (Fall 2002). "Effects of a High School Block Scheduling Program on Students: A Four-Year Longitudinal Study of the Effects of Block Scheduling on Student Outcome Variables". American Secondary Education. 31: 54 – via EBSCOhost.
- ^ a b Lewis, Chance W.; Dugan, James J.; Winokur, Marc A.; Cobb, R. Brian (December 2005). "The Effects of Block Scheduling on High School Academic Achievement". NASSP Bulletin. 98 (645): 72–87. doi:10.1177/019263650508964506. S2CID 59575924.
- ^ Trostli, Robert (January 2001). "Main lesson block teaching in the Waldorf School" (PDF). Research Bulletin of the Research Institute for Waldorf Education. 6 (1). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-11-05.
- ^ "Block Schedules and Student Performance on AP® Examinations" (PDF). The College Board. May 1998. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 27, 2011.
- ^ "What is the effect of block scheduling on academic achievement? A systematic review". EPPI-Centre.
- ^ a b "The Case Against Block Scheduling" by Jeff Lindsay
External links
edit- "Block Scheduling Revisited" by J. Allen Queen (Original link no longer available. Redirected to the Internet Archive)
- Collection of web links about block scheduling
- Block Scheduling – by Karen Irmsher of the ERIC Clearinghouse on Educational Management
- Block Scheduling: Is this Right for America’s Public Schools?- by John W. Cooper
- Block Scheduling: Discussion and links at the Illinois Loop website