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The second blockade of Berbera (1855–1856) was a punitive measure against the Habr Awal, Isaaq clan by the British East India Company, and thus the second blockade of Berbera after the 1827 British attack on Berbera.
Background
editIn April 1855, explorer Lieutenant Richard Burton had set out on his search for the source of the Nile, and was encamped near Berbera. On April 19, his camp was attacked and plundered.[1]
Burton identified the attackers as three sub-tribes of the Hab Awal clan in a letter to the British Resident at Aden, Brigadier Coughlin, on the 23 April 1855:
23 April 1855
R.F Burton to Colonel W. Coughlin
The BT. Resident
Aden, Arabia
Sir,
I have the honor of enclose a report from Lt. Herne & a statement from Lt. Speke concerning the melancholy occurrence of the 19th inst...
The people chiefly implicated in this outrage are the Mikahil, the Ayyal Ahmad & the Eesa Musa - all three sub tribes of the great clan, Habr Awal. The 2, however, are but little concerned. The Eesa Musa is the principal actor.[2][verification needed]
According to Lieutenant John Hanning Speke, a surviving member of the attacked crew, the attackers were led by Ou Ali (Aw Cali),[3]. The prefix of ‘Aw’ signifies Islamic importance in the Somali language.
Lieutenant Burton had, prior to the attack, vocally expressed his dislike of the Abban fees[clarification needed] for the local Habr Awal clan. He had also resisted the caravan fees and the hire of camels by the Isa Musa tribe, which he regarded as extortionate.[2] This had rendered Burton very unpopular among the local Habr Awal in Berbera, and was therefore one of the major causes of the attack.[4]
Burton had earlier disguised himself as an Arab merchant named "Haji Mirza Abdullah"; however he had still come under suspicion. On 1 January 1855, on his way to Harar with his camp, he encountered three men of the Habr Awal clan: Ali Hasan, Husayn Araleh and Haji Mohammed, who were highly respected by Emir Ahmad III ibn Abu-Bakr, the Emir of Harar. The three men reported to Lieutenant Burton's agent, Gerad Adan, that Burton was in the land only to spy on its wealth. Suspicion on Burton's camp was therefore already pronounced months prior to the attack.[5]
On 18 April 1855, the day before the attack, Burton's camp was encountered by three horsemen, one of them Mohammed of the ‘Isa Musa, another Dublay of the Ayal Ahmed, and the third unknown. Burton's camp had mistaken them for a foraging party and fired a warning shot over their heads. Burton sent the “Ras Khafilah” (Caravan leader) to ask the horsemen what they were doing. The horsemen responded that the people of the coast had reported that Haji Sharmarke Ali Saleh planned to seize Berbera, and that his vessels were docked in Siyara. This, however, was a lie, and Burton concluded that the horsemen were spies.[6]
As claimed by the French explorer and geographer, Henri Duveyrier, the Senussiya order might have played a role in this event in Berbera 1855.[7]
During the attack, the well-armed Somalis killed Lieutenant Stroyan, and wounded Lieutenant Burton. Lieutenant Speke was imprisoned but later on managed to escape.
The blockade
editThe British, knowing that Berbera was very economically important to the Habr Awal, decided to enforce a blockade between Jibal Elmas (Jebel Almis) and Siyara of modern-day Somaliland. The Habr Awal of Berbera believed at first that the blockade would affect not only the trade in Berbera, but also in Aden, and would therefore harm the British as well. However, they were mistaken, since the trade allegedly found an outlet in different locations.[8]
The British blockaded the port of Berbera in order to force the Sheikhs of Habr Awal to surrender the assailants implicated in the murder of Stroyan. However, the Sheikhs did not surrender Ou Ali (Aw Cali) who found shelter among the ‘Isa Musa sept.
The blockade ceased on 9 November 1856 following a treaty that was signed between the British East India Company and the Sheikhs of the Habr Awal, Ishaaq, in the presence of Captain H. L Playfair, the assistant political resident in Aden. This treaty's six articles secured the economical and commercial interests of both the contracting parties. However, it debarred the ‘Isa Musa clan family and their goods from Aden due to their refusal to hand over the main assailant of the attack, Ou Ali (Aw Cali). The ‘Isa Musa did not engage in the treaty themselves.[8] The treaty further bound the merchants in Berbera to abolish the slave traffic.[8]
Aftermath
editDespite the treaty, neither Burton nor Speke ever returned to Somaliland, and the dangers and the costs put off new British exploring expeditions in the region until the 1880s.[9]
Proposal of recognition to the Habr Awal
editThe Political Resident of Aden, Brigadier William Marcus Coghlan, wished to include a formal, political recognition of the independence of the Habr Awal Sheikhdom as the sovereign body controlling Berbera and its commerce.[10] However, due to uncertainties regarding the Bombay government and Somalis, the proposal never came to fruition.[10]
References
edit- ^ Burton, Sir Richard Francis; Speke, John Hanning (1999). The Search for the Source of the Nile: Correspondence Between Captain Richard Burton, Captain John Speke and Others, from Burton's Unpublished East African Letter Book : Together with Other Related Letters and Papers in the Collection of Quentin Keyens, Esq., Now Printed for the First Time. Roxburghe Club. p. 29.
- ^ a b Burton, Sir Richard Francis; Speke, John Hanning (1999). The Search for the Source of the Nile: Correspondence Between Captain Richard Burton, Captain John Speke and Others, from Burton's Unpublished East African Letter Book : Together with Other Related Letters and Papers in the Collection of Quentin Keyens, Esq., Now Printed for the First Time. Roxburghe Club. pp. 29–37.
- ^ "Plate section". What Led to the Discovery of the Source of the Nile. 2011-05-19. doi:10.1017/cbo9781139034456.012. ISBN 9781139034456.
- ^ Walsh, Langton Prendergast (2018-11-10). Under the Flag: And Somali Coast Stories. FRANKLIN CLASSICS TRADE Press. ISBN 978-0-353-06687-8.
- ^ "Plate section". First Footsteps in East Africa. 2011-07-07. doi:10.1017/cbo9781139004107.014. ISBN 9781108030304.
- ^ Burton, Sir Richard Francis; Speke, John Hanning (1999). The Search for the Source of the Nile: Correspondence Between Captain Richard Burton, Captain John Speke and Others, from Burton's Unpublished East African Letter Book : Together with Other Related Letters and Papers in the Collection of Quentin Keyens, Esq., Now Printed for the First Time. Roxburghe Club. pp. 31–32.
- ^ Duveyrier, Henri (1884). ... La Confrérie Musulmane Di Sîdi Mohammed Ben 'Alî Es-Senoûsî Et Son Domaine Géographique en L'année 1300 de L'hégire, 1883 de Notre Ère (in French). Société de géographie. p. 52.
- ^ a b c Speke, John Hanning (1860). Captain J.H. Speke's Adventures in Somali Land: Experientia Docet. Parts 1, 2, 3. p. 34.
- ^ Newman, James L. (2010). Paths without glory: Richard Francis Burton in Africa [Paths without glory: Richard Francis Burton in Africa]. Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books. p. 74. ISBN 9781597975964.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ a b Department, India Foreign and Political (1876). Precis of Papers Regarding Aden, 1838-1872. Government central branch Press. p. 98.