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Operation Dominic

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Operation Dominic was a series of 31 nuclear test explosions ("shots") with a 38.1 Mt (159 PJ) total yield conducted in 1962 by the United States in the Pacific.[1] This test series was scheduled quickly, in order to respond in kind to the Soviet resumption of testing after the tacit 1958–1961 test moratorium. Most of these shots were conducted with free fall bombs dropped from B-52 bomber aircraft. Twenty of these shots were to test new weapons designs; six to test weapons effects; and several shots to confirm the reliability of existing weapons. The Thor missile was also used to lift warheads into near-space to conduct high-altitude nuclear explosion tests; these shots were collectively called Operation Fishbowl.[2]

Operation Dominic
Dominic-Bighorn, 7.7 megatons.
Information
CountryUnited States
Test site
Period1962
Number of tests31
Test typeair drop, free air drop, high-altitude rocket (30–80 km), parachuted, underwater
Max. yield9.96 megatonnes of TNT (41.7 PJ)
Test series chronology
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Operation Dominic occurred during a period of high Cold War tension between the United States and the Soviet Union, since the Cuban Bay of Pigs Invasion had occurred not long before. Nikita Khrushchev announced the end of a three-year moratorium on nuclear testing on 30 August 1961, and Soviet tests recommenced on 1 September, initiating a series of tests that included the detonation of Tsar Bomba. President John F. Kennedy responded by authorizing Operation Dominic. It was the largest nuclear weapons testing program (by total yield) ever conducted by the United States[citation needed] and the last atmospheric test series conducted by the U.S., as the Limited Test Ban Treaty was signed in Moscow the following year.

The operation was undertaken by Joint Task Force 8.[3]

The U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) performed Operation DOMINIC II, an atmospheric nuclear test series, at the Nevada Test Site (NTS) from July 7 to 17, 1962. The test series included four low-yield shots, three of which were near-surface detonations and one a tower shot. Exercise IVY FLATS included one of the near-surface shots, fired from a DAVY CROCKETT rocket launcher.[4]

Shots

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Sunset

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The shot report lists the yield as 855 kilotonnes of TNT (3,580 TJ) ±20% measured from a Bhangmeter and 930 kilotonnes of TNT (3,900 TJ) ±10% from fireball analysis.[5] Other sources give the yield as 1 megatonne of TNT (4.2 PJ).[6]

Full list of shots

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United States' Dominic series tests and detonations
Name [note 1] Date time (UT) Local time zone[note 2][7] Location[note 3] Elevation + height [note 4] Delivery [note 5]
Purpose [note 6] 		Device[note 7] Yield[note 8] Fallout[note 9] References Notes
Adobe April 25, 1962 15:46:?? LINT (10.67 hrs)
(−10 hrs, 40 min)
 Kiritimati (Christmas Island), Kiribati 1°35′N 157°19′W / 1.59°N 157.32°W / 1.59; -157.32 (Adobe) 0 + 884 m (2,900 ft) free air drop,
weapons development 		XW-50X1-Y2[8] 190 kt [1][6][9][10][11][12] Verification test, similar to Aztec, Kingfish, Bluegill Triple Prime. Used in a Mk-39 Mod-1 Type 3 drop case.
Aztec April 27, 1962 16:02:?? LINT (−10.67 hrs)
(−10 hrs, 40 min)
 Kiritimati (Christmas Island), Kiribati 1°37′N 157°19′W / 1.62°N 157.31°W / 1.62; -157.31 (Aztec) 0 + 796 m (2,612 ft) air drop,
weapons development 		XW-50X1-Y3[13] 410 kt [1][6][9][10][11][12] similar to Adobe, Kingfish, Bluegill Triple Prime, yield slightly lower than expected; achieved 2.21 kt/kg.
Arkansas May 2, 1962 18:02:?? LINT (−10.67 hrs)
(−10 hrs, 40 min)
 Kiritimati (Christmas Island), Kiribati 1°35′N 157°16′W / 1.58°N 157.26°W / 1.58; -157.26 (Arkansas) 0 + 1,533 m (5,030 ft) parachuted,
weapons development 		XW-56-X2 with Starling primary and Fife secondary.[13] 1.1 Mt [1][6][9][10][11][12] Highly successful; parachute retarded, only 600 ft (180 m) from aimpoint. 4.00 kt/kg.
Questa May 4, 1962 19:05:?? LINT (−10.67 hrs)
(−10 hrs, 40 min)
 Kiritimati (Christmas Island), Kiribati 1°38′N 157°19′W / 1.63°N 157.32°W / 1.63; -157.32 (Questa) 0 + 1,594 m (5,230 ft) air drop,
weapons development 		XW-59 with Tsetse primary[13] 670 kt [1][6][9][10][11][12] Similar to Alma, Rinconada, Sunset, yield considerably lower than expected.
Frigate Bird May 6, 1962 23:30:?? jamt (−11 hrs)
Believed in use during Dominic, Fishbowl, HT I.[14]
 Launched from 12°26′53″N 134°51′14″W / 12.448°N 134.854°W / 12.448; -134.854 (Launch_Frigate Bird), elv: 3–30 m (9.8–98.4 ft);
Detonated over open ocean at 4°49′59″N 149°25′01″W / 4.833°N 149.417°W / 4.833; -149.417 (Frigate Bird), 930 kilometres (580 mi) north-east of Kiritimati Island 		N/A + 2,530 m (8,300 ft) high alt rocket (30–80 km),
weapons development 		W47Y1 with Robin primary, Mk-1 RV[13] 600 kt [1][6][10][11][12] Only US operational ballistic missile launch w/live warhead, Polaris A2 SLBM launched from USS Ethan Allen, successfully detonated 2,200 yd (2,000 m) from target.
Yukon May 8, 1962 18:01:?? LINT (−10.67 hrs)
(−10 hrs, 40 min)
 Kiritimati (Christmas Island), Kiribati 1°37′N 157°19′W / 1.62°N 157.32°W / 1.62; -157.32 (Yukon) 0 + 878 m (2,881 ft) parachuted,
weapons development 		Calliope II with Kinglet primary[15] 100 kt [1][6][9][10][11][12] 1st test of high fusion/low fission family; similar to Muskegon, Chetco, Nougat Arikaree, Hudson, Codsaw, Hoosic; yield slightly higher than expected.
Mesilla May 9, 1962 17:01:?? LINT (−10.67 hrs)
(−10 hrs, 40 min)
 Kiritimati (Christmas Island), Kiribati 1°35′N 157°18′W / 1.58°N 157.3°W / 1.58; -157.3 (Mesilla) 0 + 747 m (2,451 ft) free air drop,
weapons development 		Zippo I secondary[15] 100 kt [1][6][9][10][11][12] Advanced primary and secondary concepts test, yield considerably lower than expected.
Muskegon May 11, 1962 15:37:?? LINT (−10.67 hrs)
(−10 hrs, 40 min)
 Kiritimati (Christmas Island), Kiribati 1°35′N 157°19′W / 1.59°N 157.32°W / 1.59; -157.32 (Muskegon) 0 + 913 m (2,995 ft) parachuted,
weapons development 		Kinglet primary and possibly with Harp secondary[15] 50 kt [1][6][9][10][11][12] Advanced lightweight low fission concept, similar to Chetco and Yukon, slightly lower than expected yield.
Swordfish May 11, 1962 20:02:05.9 PST (−8 hrs)
 Pacific Ocean off California 31°14′42″N 124°12′43″W / 31.245°N 124.212°W / 31.245; -124.212 (Swordfish) 0 - 198 m (650 ft) underwater,
weapon effect 		W44[15] less than 20 kt [1][6][9][11][12] Full scale RUR-5 ASROC ASW rocket proof test, similar to Nougat Chena, fired from USS Agerholm at target 4,348 yd (3,976 m) away.
Encino May 12, 1962 17:03:?? LINT (−10.67 hrs)
(−10 hrs, 40 min)
 Kiritimati (Christmas Island), Kiribati 1°35′N 157°19′W / 1.58°N 157.31°W / 1.58; -157.31 (Encino) 0 + 1,679 m (5,509 ft) free air drop,
weapons development 		XW-43Y5[15] 500 kt [1][6][9][10][11][12] Verification of reduced yield variant of HT-I Elder shot.
Swanee May 14, 1962 15:22:?? LINT (−10.67 hrs)
(−10 hrs, 40 min)
 Kiritimati (Christmas Island), Kiribati 1°34′N 157°19′W / 1.57°N 157.32°W / 1.57; -157.32 (Swanee) 0 + 896 m (2,940 ft) parachuted,
weapons development 		Clean W56 device, possibly a XW-65 progenitor[15] 97 kt [1][6][9][10][11][12] "Clean" ABM warhead test, similar to Bluestone, possible W-65 progenitor, highly experimental, yield lower than expected.
Chetco May 19, 1962 15:37:?? LINT (−10.67 hrs)
(−10 hrs, 40 min)
 Kiritimati (Christmas Island), Kiribati 1°36′N 157°20′W / 1.6°N 157.33°W / 1.6; -157.33 (Chetco) 0 + 2,105 m (6,906 ft) parachuted,
weapons development 		Kiglet primary with Calliope I secondary[16] 73 kt [1][6][9][10][11][12] Advanced light weight concept, similar to Muskegon and Yukon, yield close to predicted, only 200 ft (61 m) from target.
Tanana May 25, 1962 16:09:?? LINT (−10.67 hrs)
(−10 hrs, 40 min)
 Kiritimati (Christmas Island), Kiribati 1°36′N 157°18′W / 1.6°N 157.3°W / 1.6; -157.3 (Tanana) 0 + 2,752 m (9,029 ft) parachuted,
weapons development 		Kinglet primary with Calliope III secondary[16] 2.6 kt [1][6][9][10][11][12] Fizzle with secondary fail, "radical" design.
Nambe May 27, 1962 17:03:?? LINT (−10.67 hrs)
(−10 hrs, 40 min)
 Kiritimati (Christmas Island), Kiribati 1°35′N 157°19′W / 1.59°N 157.32°W / 1.59; -157.32 (Nambe) 0 + 2,176 m (7,139 ft) free air drop,
weapons development 		Scarab primary with Zippo II secondary[16] 43 kt [1][6][9][10][11][12] "Unique" design, advanced concepts test, yield lower than expected.
Alma June 8, 1962 17:03:?? LINT (−10.67 hrs)
(−10 hrs, 40 min)
 Kiritimati (Christmas Island), Kiribati 1°31′N 157°13′W / 1.52°N 157.21°W / 1.52; -157.21 (Alma) 0 + 2,702 m (8,865 ft) free air drop,
weapons development 		XW-59 782 kt [1][6][9][10][11][12] Similar to Questa, Rinconada, Sunset. 3.12 kt/kg.
Truckee June 9, 1962 15:37:?? LINT (−10.67 hrs)
(−10 hrs, 40 min)
 Kiritimati (Christmas Island), Kiribati 1°35′N 157°18′W / 1.58°N 157.3°W / 1.58; -157.3 (Truckee) 0 + 2,125 m (6,972 ft) parachuted,
weapons development 		XW-58 (Kinglet primary with Tuba secondary)[16] 210 kt [1][6][9][10][11][12] Development and verification test for the Polaris A-3 weapon (3 MRV), satisfactory.
Yeso June 10, 1962 17:01:?? LINT (−10.67 hrs)
(−10 hrs, 40 min)
 Kiritimati (Christmas Island), Kiribati 1°30′N 157°14′W / 1.5°N 157.24°W / 1.5; -157.24 (Yeso) 0 + 2,537 m (8,323 ft) free air drop,
weapons development 		16-M device using Tsetse primary[16] 3 Mt [1][6][9][10][11][12] Advanced concepts test, similar to HT-I Koa, performed as expected.
Harlem June 12, 1962 15:37:?? LINT (−10.67 hrs)
(−10 hrs, 40 min)
 Kiritimati (Christmas Island), Kiribati 1°34′N 157°13′W / 1.57°N 157.22°W / 1.57; -157.22 (Harlem) 0 + 4,160 m (13,650 ft) parachuted,
weapons development 		W-47Y2 Robin primary with Fife secondary[16] 1.2 Mt [1][6][9][10][11][12] Successful, doubled W-47Y1 yield, 3.42 kt/kg.
Rinconada June 15, 1962 16:01:?? LINT (−10.67 hrs)
(−10 hrs, 40 min)
 Kiritimati (Christmas Island), Kiribati 1°34′N 157°14′W / 1.56°N 157.23°W / 1.56; -157.23 (Rinconada) 0 + 2,775 m (9,104 ft) free air drop,
weapons development 		XW-59 "Wall" device[17] 800 kt [1][6][9][10][11][12] Increased yield warhead test, successful, similar to Questa, Alma, Sunset. 3.48 kt/kg.
Dulce June 17, 1962 16:01:?? LINT (−10.67 hrs)
(−10 hrs, 40 min)
 Kiritimati (Christmas Island), Kiribati 1°35′N 157°17′W / 1.59°N 157.28°W / 1.59; -157.28 (Dulce) 0 + 2,771 m (9,091 ft) free air drop,
weapons development 		Zippo secondary[17] 52 kt [1][6][9][10][11][12] Experimental lightweight, high efficiency design, similar to Mesilla, basic design adequacy confirmed.
Petit June 19, 1962 15:01:?? LINT (−10.67 hrs)
(−10 hrs, 40 min)
 Kiritimati (Christmas Island), Kiribati 1°34′N 157°17′W / 1.57°N 157.28°W / 1.57; -157.28 (Petit) 0 + 4,570 m (14,990 ft) parachuted,
weapons development 		Kinglet primary with Oboe secondary[17] 2.2 kt [1][6][9][10][11][12] Advanced concepts test, second LRL fizzle, no secondary.
Otowi June 22, 1962 16:01:?? LINT (−10.67 hrs)
(−10 hrs, 40 min)
 Kiritimati (Christmas Island), Kiribati 1°35′N 157°19′W / 1.58°N 157.31°W / 1.58; -157.31 (Otowi) 0 + 2,746 m (9,009 ft) air drop,
weapons development 		Zuppy primary with Zippo III secondary[17] 81.5 kt [1][6][9][10][11][12] Advanced concepts test of "novel system".
Bighorn June 27, 1962 15:19:?? LINT (−10.67 hrs)
(−10 hrs, 40 min)
 Kiritimati (Christmas Island), Kiribati 1°22′N 157°14′W / 1.37°N 157.24°W / 1.37; -157.24 (Bighorn) 0 + 3,600 m (11,800 ft) air drop,
weapons development 		Swan primary with Cello I-C secondary[17] 7.7 Mt [1][6][9][10][11][12] Advanced concepts test, successful. 4.14 kt/kg.
Bluestone June 30, 1962 15:21:?? LINT (−10.67 hrs)
(−10 hrs, 40 min)
 Kiritimati (Christmas Island), Kiribati 1°32′N 157°15′W / 1.53°N 157.25°W / 1.53; -157.25 (Bluestone) 0 + 1,518 m (4,980 ft) parachuted,
weapons development 		XW-56-X2 prime device[17] 1.27 Mt [1][6][9][10][11][12] Similar to Swanee; 4.96 kt/kg.
Sunset July 10, 1962 16:33:?? LINT (−10.67 hrs)
(−10 hrs, 40 min)
 Kiritimati (Christmas Island), Kiribati 1°36′N 157°16′W / 1.6°N 157.26°W / 1.6; -157.26 (Sunset) 0 + 1,500 m (4,900 ft) air drop,
weapons development 		XW-59[18] 1 Mt [1][6][9][10][11][12] High yield advanced concepts test, similar to Questa, Alma, Rinconada, 4.06 kt/kg.
Pamlico July 11, 1962 15:37:?? LINT (−10.67 hrs)
(−10 hrs, 40 min)
 Kiritimati (Christmas Island), Kiribati 1°23′N 157°13′W / 1.39°N 157.22°W / 1.39; -157.22 (Pamlico) 0 + 4,370 m (14,340 ft) parachuted,
weapons development 		Kinglet primary with Ripple I secondary[18] 3.9 Mt [1][6][9][10][11][12][19] Advanced principles test for high-efficiency fusion burn, successful, last Christmas Island airdrop; 0.934 kt/kg (experimental drops are low usually).
Androscoggin October 2, 1962 16:18:?? jamt (−11 hrs)
Believed in use during Dominic, Fishbowl, HT I.[14]
 Johnston Island, Johnston Atoll 13°48′N 172°06′W / 13.8°N 172.1°W / 13.8; -172.1 (Androscoggin) 0 + 3,130 m (10,270 ft) air drop,
weapons development 		Kinglet primary with Ripple II secondary[18] 75 kt [1][6][9][11][12][20][19] Ripple II secondary, fizzle, retested in Housatonic shot.
Bumping October 6, 1962 16:03:?? jamt (−11 hrs)
Believed in use during Dominic, Fishbowl, HT I.[14]
 Johnston Island, Johnston Atoll 14°36′N 168°18′W / 14.6°N 168.3°W / 14.6; -168.3 (Bumping) 0 + 3,050 m (10,010 ft) air drop,
weapons development 		Kinglet primary with Oboe secondary[18] 11.3 kt [1][6][9][11][12][20] Retest of Petit, yield much lower than expected, test to improve yield-to-weight ratio.
Chama October 18, 1962 16:01:?? jamt (−11 hrs)
Believed in use during Dominic, Fishbowl, HT I.[14]
 Johnston Island, Johnston Atoll 14°36′N 168°42′W / 14.6°N 168.7°W / 14.6; -168.7 (Chama) 0 + 3,650 m (11,980 ft) parachuted,
weapons development 		Croton primary with either Thumbelina or Zuppy secondary[18] 1.6 Mt [1][6][9][11][12][20] Test of lightweight small diameter device, possible replacement for W-38, yield below predicted value.
Calamity October 27, 1962 15:46:?? jamt (−11 hrs)
Believed in use during Dominic, Fishbowl, HT I.[14]
 Johnston Island, Johnston Atoll 14°36′N 168°24′W / 14.6°N 168.4°W / 14.6; -168.4 (Calamity) 0 + 3,590 m (11,780 ft) air drop,
weapons development 		Kinglet primary with Ripple III secondary[21] 800 kt [1][6][9][11][12][20][19] Third drop test of specific device to maximize yield to weight ratio.
Housatonic October 30, 1962 16:02:?? jamt (−11 hrs)
Believed in use during Dominic, Fishbowl, HT I.[14]
 Johnston Island, Johnston Atoll 13°42′N 172°12′W / 13.7°N 172.2°W / 13.7; -172.2 (Housatonic) 0 + 3,700 m (12,100 ft) air drop,
weapons development 		Kinglet primary with Ripple II secondary[21] 9.96 Mt[19] [1][6][9][11][12][20][19] Repeat of Androscoggin, successful, target accuracy within 100 ft (30 m); last U.S. nuclear weapon airdrop. Reportedly 99.9% clean.[19]
  1. ^ The US, France and the UK have code-named their test events, while the USSR and China did not, and therefore have only test numbers (with some exceptions – Soviet peaceful explosions were named). Word translations into English in parentheses unless the name is a proper noun. A dash followed by a number indicates a member of a salvo event. The US also sometimes named the individual explosions in such a salvo test, which results in "name1 – 1(with name2)". If test is canceled or aborted, then the row data like date and location discloses the intended plans, where known.
  2. ^ To convert the UT time into standard local, add the number of hours in parentheses to the UT time; for local daylight saving time, add one additional hour. If the result is earlier than 00:00, add 24 hours and subtract 1 from the day; if it is 24:00 or later, subtract 24 hours and add 1 to the day. Historical time zone data obtained from the IANA time zone database.
  3. ^ Rough place name and a latitude/longitude reference; for rocket-carried tests, the launch location is specified before the detonation location, if known. Some locations are extremely accurate; others (like airdrops and space blasts) may be quite inaccurate. "~" indicates a likely pro-forma rough location, shared with other tests in that same area.
  4. ^ Elevation is the ground level at the point directly below the explosion relative to sea level; height is the additional distance added or subtracted by tower, balloon, shaft, tunnel, air drop or other contrivance. For rocket bursts the ground level is "N/A". In some cases it is not clear if the height is absolute or relative to ground, for example, Plumbbob/John. No number or units indicates the value is unknown, while "0" means zero. Sorting on this column is by elevation and height added together.
  5. ^ Atmospheric, airdrop, balloon, gun, cruise missile, rocket, surface, tower, and barge are all disallowed by the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. Sealed shaft and tunnel are underground, and remained useful under the PTBT. Intentional cratering tests are borderline; they occurred under the treaty, were sometimes protested, and generally overlooked if the test was declared to be a peaceful use.
  6. ^ Include weapons development, weapon effects, safety test, transport safety test, war, science, joint verification and industrial/peaceful, which may be further broken down.
  7. ^ Designations for test items where known, "?" indicates some uncertainty about the preceding value, nicknames for particular devices in quotes. This category of information is often not officially disclosed.
  8. ^ Estimated energy yield in tons, kilotons, and megatons. A ton of TNT equivalent is defined as 4.184 gigajoules (1 gigacalorie).
  9. ^ Radioactive emission to the atmosphere aside from prompt neutrons, where known. The measured species is only iodine-131 if mentioned, otherwise it is all species. No entry means unknown, probably none if underground and "all" if not; otherwise notation for whether measured on the site only or off the site, where known, and the measured amount of radioactivity released.
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  •  
    Dominic-Housatonic, 9.96 megatons.
  •  
    Dominic-Housatonic.
  •  
    Dominic-Muskegon, 50 kilotons.
  •  
    Dominic-Sunset, 1 megaton.
  •  
    Dominic-Yukon, 100 kilotons.
  •  
    Dominic-Arkansas, 1.1 megatons.
  •  
    Dominic-Chama, 1.6 megatons.
  •  
    Dominic-Swordfish, <20 kilotons.
  •  
    Dominic-Frigate Bird via UGM-27 Polaris missile, 600 kilotons; Only full-scale US test of a strategic missile system.
  •  
    Dominic-Frigate Bird, as viewed from the submarine USS Carbonero.
  •  
    Swordfish spray dome and plume with USS Agerholm in foreground. Full scale test of ASROC rocket launched depth charge.
  •  
    Dominic-Truckee, 210 kilotons.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af Yang, Xiaoping; North, Robert; Romney, Carl (August 2000), CMR Nuclear Explosion Database (Revision 3), SMDC Monitoring Research
  2. ^ Dwayne A. Day (7 May 2007). "Space ghost". The Space Review. Archived from the original on 9 May 2007. Retrieved 11 May 2007.
  3. ^ Edward C. Whitman (Fall 2004). "The Other Frigate Bird". Undersea Warfare: The Official Magazine of the U.S. Submarine Force. Archived from the original on 29 March 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
  4. ^ Operation DOMINIC II Fact Sheet Defense Threat Reduction Agency
  5. ^ Schneiderhan, R C (11 July 1962). Shot Sunset, Shot Report (Report). Los Alamos National Laboratory. Archived from the original on 13 July 2021.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af Sublette, Carey, Nuclear Weapons Archive, retrieved 6 January 2014
  7. ^ "Time Zone Historical Database". iana.com. Archived from the original on 11 March 2014. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
  8. ^ Chuck Hansen (2007). Swords of Armageddon. Vol. VII. p. 166. ISBN 978-0-9791915-7-2.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Operation Dominic I (PDF) (DNA6040F), Washington, DC: Defense Nuclear Agency, 1983, archived from the original (PDF) on 23 August 2012, retrieved 12 January 2014
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Norris, Robert Standish; Cochran, Thomas B. (1 February 1994), "United States nuclear tests, July 1945 to 31 December 1992 (NWD 94-1)" (PDF), Nuclear Weapons Databook Working Paper, Washington, DC: Natural Resources Defense Council, archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2013, retrieved 26 October 2013
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae Hansen, Chuck (1995), The Swords of Armageddon, Vol. 8, Sunnyvale, CA: Chukelea Publications, ISBN 978-0-9791915-1-0
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae United States Nuclear Tests: July 1945 through September 1992 (PDF) (DOE/NV-209 REV15), Las Vegas, NV: Department of Energy, Nevada Operations Office, 1 December 2000, archived from the original (PDF) on 12 October 2006, retrieved 18 December 2013
  13. ^ a b c d Swords of Armageddon Volume VII, p. 166.
  14. ^ a b c d e f Hoerlin, Herman (October 1976), United States High-Altitude Test Experiences: A Review Emphasizing the Impact on the Environment (LA-6405), LA (Series) (Los Alamos, N.M.)6405, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, p. 4, hdl:2027/mdp.39015086460626 Reference for time zone at Johnston Island 1958-1962.
  15. ^ a b c d e f Swords of Armageddon Volume VII, p. 168.
  16. ^ a b c d e f Swords of Armageddon Volume VII, p. 170.
  17. ^ a b c d e f Swords of Armageddon Volume VII, p. 172.
  18. ^ a b c d e Swords of Armageddon Volume VII, p. 174.
  19. ^ a b c d e f Grams, Jon (28 May 2021). "Ripple: An Investigation of the World's Most Advanced High-Yield Thermonuclear Weapon Design". Journal of Cold War Studies. 23 (2): 133–161. doi:10.1162/jcws_a_01011. ISSN 1520-3972. S2CID 235372369.
  20. ^ a b c d e Griggs, D. T.; Press, Frank (1961), "Probing the earth with nuclear explosions", Journal of Geophysical Research, 66 (1): 237–258, Bibcode:1961JGR....66..237G, doi:10.1029/jz066i001p00237, hdl:2027/mdp.39015077588872, archived from the original on 26 October 2013
  21. ^ a b Swords of Armageddon Volume VII, p. 176.
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