Bois-Brûlés (burnt wood) are Métis. The name is most frequently associated with the French-speaking Métis of the Red River Colony in the Red River valley of Canada and the United States.
The Bois-Brûlés, led by their leader Cuthbert Grant, took part in the Battle of Seven Oaks (1816). The "Chanson de la Grenouillère", composed in 1816 by Métis bard Pierre Falcon in honour of the Battle of Seven Oaks, also called "Falcon's Song" or "la Bataille des sept chênes", refers to the Métis participants as victorious "Bois-Brûlés", and the song remained central to Métis lore for generations.[1][2] In 1837 Pierre Falcon also wrote "The Dickson Song" or "Ballade du Général Dickson". The song is about "General" James Dickson who planned to raise an army of Bois-Brûlés for the purpose of setting up a kingdom in California.[3]
William H. Keating described a group of Métis buffalo hunters he encountered at Pembina by the Red River of the North in 1823 as Bois brulés.
All of them have a blue capote with a hood, which they use only in bad weather; the capote is secured round their waist by a military sash; they wear a shirt of calico or painted muslin, moccassins and leather leggings fastened round the leg by garters ornamented with beads,&c. The Bois brulés often dispense with a hat; when they have one, it is generally variegated in the Indian manner, with feathers, gilt lace, and other tawdry ornaments.
— William Keating 1824[4]
Later in the 19th century, the people in 1869 came into temporary prominence during the Riel Rebellion in the Red River area.[5] They were alternatively called Métis; historically the majority were descendants of French Canadian men and First Nations women.
The name Bois-Brûlés seems to have waned in popularity and general use after the merger of the Hudson's Bay Company and North West Company in 1821. The young Canadian adventurer Martin McLeod, later a fur trader and Minnesota Territory politician in the United States, referred to the "Brules" in 1837 in his journal of travel to the Red River of the North region with James Dickson, who had a dream of an Indian empire.[6][7][8] As late as 1900, the American author Jack London used the term in his short story, "An Odyssey of the North".
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Joseph James Hargrave (1871). Red River. author. p. 488.
- ^ "La chanson des Bois-Brûlés". S.H.S.B. (Centre du patrimoine, 340, boulevard Provencher, Saint-Boniface, (Manitoba)). Archived from the original on 2015-11-06. Retrieved 2014-01-11.
- ^ "Songs of Old Manitoba (02) (The Dickson Song)". by Margaret Arnett MacLeod. Retrieved 2014-02-14.
- ^ William Hypolitus Keating (1824). Narrative of an expedition to the source of St. Peter's river ... &c., performed in ... 1823. p. 44.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 153.
- ^ Martin McLeod, The Diary of Martin McLeod, ed. Grace Lee Nute, Minnesota History Bulletin, Vol. 4, No. 7/8 (Aug. - Nov., 1922), pp. 351-439, 526 Minnesota Historical Society Press
- ^ Charles J. Ritchey, "Martin McLeod and the Minnesota Valley" Archived 2012-03-20 at the Wayback Machine, Minnesota History Magazine, December 1929, accessed 21 Jun 2010
- ^ Grace L. Nute, "James Dickson, A Filibuster in Minnesota in 1836," in Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 10: 127-140 (September 1923)