Bolivia–China relations are foreign relations between the Plurinational State of Bolivia and People's Republic of China. Relations between both nations officially began on July 9, 1985.[1][2] Both nations are members of the United Nations.
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 Bolivia |
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History
editSince the establishment of diplomatic ties between China and Bolivia in 1985, relations have expanded from economic and cultural ties to military, transport, infrastructure, raw materials, education and other areas.[3]
The two countries celebrated 25th anniversary of diplomatic ties in Beijing, July 9, 2010.[4]
In August 2010, China and Bolivia agreed to continue to develop military ties and cooperation.[5]
Bilateral relations
editBilateral trade began from very low volumes at approximately $4 million.[2] This increase to over $27.76 million in 2002.[2]
China's exports to Bolivia includes hardware, machinery, light industrial goods, textiles and daily necessities.[2]
Bolivian exports to China were lumber and mineral ore.[2]
China provided support for the establishment of the Bolivian Space Agency and the launch of its first satellite in 2014 for a total cost of US$300 million. China and also provides loans, e.g. of 67 million dollars to upgrade infrastructure in the Oruro region.[6]
A Chinese firm is a partner in a lithium mining operation in Bolivia valued at $2.3 billion.[7]
In July 2019, UN ambassadors of 37 countries, including Bolivia, signed a joint letter to the United Nations Human Rights Council defending China's persecution of Uyghurs in Xinjiang.[8][9] Bolivia was one of 16 countries that defended China's policies in Xinjiang in 2019 but did not do so in 2020.[10]
In June 2023, Bolivia turned to China for assistance amid the former's first economic crisis since the early 2000s.[11]
In February 2024, Bolivia obtained a $350 billion loan from China to build a zinc refining factory.[12]
Surveillance systems
editIn 2019, China developed the purpose of overhauling the Bolivian security system worth more than 105 million dollars. This system comprises new surveillance cameras, drones, automated evidence processing systems, and increased manpower to manage each of these new technologies, which have been collectively dubbed the BOL 110.[13] The Bolivian Government said BOL 110 implementing artificial intelligence to counter crime. Some individuals have expressed concern about the nature and the pervasiveness of these technologies, however, and how they may be used to create a Bolivian police state. The recent employment of dubious surveillance and manipulation tactics by the Bolivian government may validate these concerns, with some scholars going so far as to warn that similar systems can encourage authoritarian practices.[13]
Resident diplomatic missions
edit- Bolivia has an embassy in Beijing.[14]
- China has an embassy in La Paz and a consulate-general in Santa Cruz de la Sierra.[15]
See also
editBibliography
edit- Cardenal, Juan Pablo; Araújo, Heriberto (2011). La silenciosa conquista china (in Spanish). Barcelona: Crítica. p. 279. ISBN 9788498922578.
References
edit- ^ "China, Bolivia celebrate 25th anniversary of diplomatic ties - People's Daily Online". Archived from the original on 2011-09-20. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
- ^ a b c d e "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China". Archived from the original on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
- ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China". Archived from the original on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
- ^ "China, Bolivia celebrate 25th anniversary of diplomatic ties - China News". SINA English. Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
- ^ English.news.cn. "Defense chiefs of China, Bolivia pledge stronger military ties". Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on 26 September 2010. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
- ^ Garcia, Eduardo (1 April 2010). "Bolivia, China team up on communications satellite". Thomson Reuters. Archived from the original on 6 April 2010. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
- ^ "Bolivia picks Chinese partner for $2.3 billion lithium projects". 6 February 2019 – via www.reuters.com.
- ^ "Which Countries Are For or Against China's Xinjiang Policies?". The Diplomat. 15 July 2019. Archived from the original on 16 July 2019. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
- ^ "Saudi Arabia and Russia among 37 states backing China's Xinjiang policy". Reuters. 12 July 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-12-10. Retrieved 2019-07-13.
- ^ Basu, Zachary (8 October 2020). "Mapped: More countries sign UN statement condemning China's mass detentions in Xinjiang". Axios. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
- ^ Molina, Fernando (22 June 2023). "Bolivia looks to China amid its first economic crisis in two decades". El País. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
- ^ "Bolivia Gets $350m Chinese Loan for Zinc Refining Plant: Govt". news.bloomberglaw.com. Retrieved 2024-02-08.
- ^ a b Pelcastre, Julieta (2019-10-22). "China Exports Citizen Control Model To Bolivia". Dialogo Americas. Archived from the original on 2019-12-30. Retrieved 2019-12-30.
- ^ "La Embajada de Bolivia-Incio". www.embolchina.cn.
- ^ "China-Bolivia". bo.china-embassy.gov.cn.