Battle of Suomenlinna

The Battle of Suomenlinna (also known as the Battle of Viapori or the Bombardment of Sweaborg) was fought on 9–11 August 1855 between Russian defenders and a joint British/French fleet during the Åland War. It was a part of the Crimean War.

Battle of Suomenlinna
Part of the Åland War and the Crimean War
A British illustration of the attack
Date 9–11 August 1855 Location Suomenlinna, Grand Duchy of Finland Result Indecisive
Belligerents
Russian Empire Grand Duchy of Finland	French Empire United Kingdom
Commanders and leaders
Aleksei Sorokin	Richard Dundas Charles Pénaud
Strength
15,000 soldiers 1,500 cannons	80 ships
Casualties and losses
260 killed or wounded	Unknown

Background

Constructed during the Swedish rule of Finland in the 18th century, the fortress of Viapori (sv:Sveaborg, renamed in Finnish in 1918 as fi:Suomenlinna) was the main defensive installation in the Grand Duchy of Finland. After the capital of the Grand Duchy of Finland was moved from Turku to Helsinki in 1812 the value of Viapori only increased. However, by the Crimean War the artillery of the fortress had already become obsolete. After the engagements of 1854 Russians (and Finns) expected an attack on Viapori in 1855. The small skirmishes that had been fought along the coast between Russian and British/French forces in the early summer of 1855 only worsened the fear while bulk of the Russian fleet had become isolated and surrounded in the port and fortress of Kronstadt off Saint Petersburg.

Battle

A map of the positions of the attacking ships

British and French naval forces consisting of 77 ships arrayed for the long-expected battle on 6 August 1855. They formed into a battle line more than 3 km off shore beyond the range of the defenders' obsolete artillery. Three days later the bombardment commenced. It continued for 47–48 hours, with 18,500 rounds fired. All the while, the attacker sat beyond the range of the defenders' guns. The British and French bombarded only the fortress of Viapori and avoided firing at the town of Helsinki directly. While the bombardment caused damage to the structures above ground, including to several gunpowder magazines which exploded, the bulk of the defending forces survived unscathed with their weaponry intact, leading to a stalemate with the attackers guns being unable to defeat the defender and defenders guns being unable to reach the attacker. Once the guns had become silenced, the ships remained in the same offshore position, leading to growing fears of a landing. However British and French forces landed troops neither at Viapori nor Helsinki, and eventually withdrew.

References

• Lambert, Andrew D. (1990). The Crimean war : British grand strategy, 1853–56. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-2978-3. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
• Nolan, Edward Henry (1855). The History of the War Against Russia, Volume 7. London: Virtue. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
• Rantatupa, Heikki; Rautiainen, Matti; Jokinen, Jukka (2006). Atlas: History of Finland. Iisalmi: IS-Vet. ISBN 952-5312-80-1.