The Bonneville flood was a catastrophic flooding event in the last ice age, which involved massive amounts of water inundating parts of southern Idaho and eastern Washington along the course of the Snake River. Unlike the Missoula Floods, which also occurred during the same period in the Pacific Northwest, the Bonneville flood happened only once. It is believed to be the second-largest flood in known geologic history.[1][clarification needed]
Cause and events
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About 14,500 years ago (radiocarbon dating, 17,400 years ago calendar, "calibrated" dating), pluvial Lake Bonneville in northern Utah reached its highest water level since its formation.[2] The lake occupied the present-day basin of the Great Salt Lake, and was far larger, covering about 32,000 square miles (83,000 km2). As it rose the lake level caused seepage at, then breached, the ancient level of Red Rock Pass, a mountain pass at the headwaters of the Portneuf River, a tributary of the Snake River above present-day American Falls Reservoir. Ancient Red Rock Pass was the site of two alluvial fans descending from opposite sides of the notch, forming a natural dam.[3] When the dam collapsed, it released a 410-foot-high (120 m)[4] flood crest down the Portneuf River valley, also spilling into the neighboring Bear River valley. When it reached the Snake River, it eroded away a lava dam that had been at the site of the present-day American Falls, releasing a 40-mile-long (64 km) lake, American Falls Lake, that had formed behind the natural dam.[5][6][7]
At the peak of the flood, approximately 33,000,000 cubic feet per second (930,000 m3/s) poured over the Snake River Plain at speeds of up to 70 miles per hour (110 km/h) and deposited hundreds of square miles of sediments eroded from upstream.[8] The flood scoured the 600-foot-deep (180 m) Snake River Canyon through the underlying basalt and loess soil, creating Shoshone Falls and several other waterfalls along the Snake River. It also carved and increased in size many other tributary canyons, including those of the Bruneau River and Salmon Falls Creek. The flood then entered Hells Canyon, significantly widening the gorge. Its waters eventually reached the Pacific Ocean via the Columbia River.[9]
A 2020 hypothesis presented evidence that Lake Bonneville achieved a stable outflow for possibly a thousand years leading up to the Bonneville Flood and then a massive, multi-segment earthquake on the Wasatch Fault caused surging and tsunami in Lake Bonneville with a surge wave over 140 feet (43 m) high. This surge carried up into the Cache Valley and resulted in the failure of the natural dam at the Zenda threshold just north of Red Rock Pass.[10]
Legacy
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Although the peak of the flood lasted a few weeks at most, erosion at Red Rock Pass continued for a few years before water ceased to spill over. The flood drained the top 351 feet (107 m) of Lake Bonneville, which constituted about 1,200 cubic miles (5,000 km3) of water, and lowered the lake level to a stage known as the Provo shoreline. The flood transformed the Snake River Plain into a series of channeled scablands resembling the Columbia Plateau. Also left by the flood were the many "melon" boulders distributed throughout the canyons in the Snake River Plain. According to some geologists, the total volume of the Bonneville flood was actually greater than any individual one of the Missoula Floods, although the Missoula floods released more water as a whole,[3] and at least one had a much higher peak flow rate.[11]
Much of the sediment scoured by the flood was deposited near the mouth of the Snake River. It now lies beneath about 20 layers of Missoula Floods deposits.[12][13]
See also
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References
edit- ^ Jarrett, Robert D.; Malde, Harold E. (1987). "Paleodischarge of the late Pleistocene Bonneville flood, Snake River, Idaho, computed from new evidence". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 99 (1): 127–134. Bibcode:1987GSAB...99..127J. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1987)99<127:POTLPB>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved 2009-11-09.
- ^ Spedden, R.H., 2021, Part II - Lake Bonneville and The Wasatch Fault
- ^ a b "Lake Bonneville and the Bonneville Flood". Huge Floods. Retrieved 2009-11-09.
- ^ "The Bonneville Flood" (PDF). Department of Geology and Geological Engineering. Colorado School of Mines. Retrieved 2019-07-28.
- ^ "American Falls Lake". Digital Atlas of Idaho. Idaho Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 2009-11-10.
- ^ "History of Lake Bonneville". Digital Geology of Idaho. University of Houston. Archived from the original on 2005-11-12. Retrieved 2009-11-09.
- ^ "The Lake Bonneville Flood". Digital Atlas of Idaho. Idaho Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 2009-11-09.
- ^ "Description: Lake Bonneville and the Bonneville Flood". Cascades Volcano Observatory. U.S. Geological Survey. 2002. Retrieved 2009-11-09.
- ^ Greys, Laura; Miller, Myles; Link, Paul. "Lake Bonneville Flood". Digital Geology of Idaho. Idaho State University. Archived from the original on 2009-03-03. Retrieved 2009-11-09.
- ^ Spedden, R.H., 2020 Evidence of Earthquake-Induced in Pleistocene Lake Bonneville, Geological Society of America – annual meeting – Session: T166. Part I - Lake Bonneville and The Wasatch Fault
- ^ "The World's Largest Floods, Past and Present : Their Causes and Magnitudes" (PDF). Pubs.usgs.gov. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
- ^ Foster, Tom (6 Jan 2015). "Tammany Bar". Epod blog. Universities Space Research Association. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
- ^ Nick Zentner. "Ice Age Floods, Lake Missoula, Bonneville Flood and the Columbia River Basalts". Youtube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-20. Retrieved 27 January 2020.