Grand Duke of Bosnia (Serbo-Croatian: veliki vojvoda rusaga bosanskog,[1] Latin: Bosne supremus voivoda / Sicut supremus voivoda regni Bosniae)[2][3] was a court title in the Bosnian medieval state, with its first holders being recorded around the middle of the 14th century. The title was bestowed by the monarch to its highest military commander, rarely two, usually reserved for the most influential and most capable among the highest most prominent Bosnian nobility highest Bosnian nobility.[4][5][6][7] It was very much different from the Grand duke title found in Europe at the time. To interpret it as an office post rather than a court rank could be equally accurate, and although it was retained for life by a nobleman who gained it, it was not meant to be hereditary, at least not at first. although it was not hereditary at first, it served both purposes and was retained for life by a nobleman who gained it. However, in the last several decades of the Bosnian medieval state it became hereditary, which means it became more than just an office or a court rank.[8][9]
History
editUnlike usage in Western Europe or Central Europe, as well as in various Slavic lands from Central to North-East Europe, where analogy between grand duke and grand prince was significant, with both titles corresponding to sovereign lower than king but higher than duke, in the Kingdom of Bosnia the title of grand duke corresponded more to the Byzantine military title megas doux.[9][10]
Generally, the Slavic word knez often referred to the ruler, sometimes analogous to the king, thus veliki knez was more like a high king than a grand duke.[11] In that sense, although like in the rest of South Slavic neighbouring states and among its nobility, in Bosnia also existed the title knez and veliki knez, nominally analogous to prince and grand prince, it was ranked as a medium to major feudal landlord, with corresponding influence in the Bosnian Stanak (also Great Bosnian Rusag (Serbo-Croatian: "veliki bosanski rusag"), Whole of Bosnia (Serbo-Croatian: "sva Bosna")), which was institute of assembly of all Bosnian nobility, regardless of rank and status.[9]
However, in neighbouring countries, title duke, in Slavic vojvoda, also had military signification, but in that sense "grand duke" was specifically, even exclusively, a Bosnian title.[8]
Accordingly, the title Grand Duke of Bosnia was explicitly given by Bosnian rulers, whether ban, king or queen, to their highest-ranking military commander.[11] As such, it was an actually more like an office rather than a court rank, although it was also a grade in the court order of precedence, and was often held by one individual at the time, rarely two.[8]
Title-holders
editSome of the most significant title-holders were:
- Vlatko Vuković (1380–until death in 1392)
- Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić (1380–until death in 1416)
- Petar Pavlović (until death in March 1420)
- Radislav Pavlović (from 1420, first recorded 1427)
- Sandalj Hranić (1392–until death in 1435)
- Stjepan Vukčić Kosača (1435–until death in 1466)
- Ivaniš Pavlović
- Vladislav Hercegović (first recorded 1469–1482)
See also
edit
Further reading
edit- "Veliki vojvoda bosanski Sandalj Hranić Kosača", Esad Kurtović, publisher Institut za istoriju Sarajevo, 2009
- "Viteske svecanosti u Budimu 1412. godine i ucesce bosanskih predstavnika (Festivities held in Buda in 1412 and the participation of Bosnian magnates)", Emir O. Filipović, Spomenica akademika Marka Šunjića (1927-1998), Filozofski fakultet u Sarajevu, 2010
References
edit- ^ Esad Kurtović (2009). Veliki vojvoda bosanski Sandalj Hranić Kosača (PDF) (in Bosnian) (Book 4 of Historijske monografije ed.). Sarajevo: Institut za istoriju. pp. 159, 233, 409. ISBN 978-9958-649-01-1. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
- ^ Sulejmanagić, Amer (30 November 2012). "Novac Hrvoja Vukčića Hrvatinića" [Coins minted by Duke Hrvoja Vukčića Hrvatinića]. Numizmatičke Vijesti (in Serbo-Croatian). 54 (65): 54–85. ISSN 0546-9422. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
- ^ Vatroslav Jagić; Lajos Thalloczy; Franz Wickhoff (1899). "Missale Glagoliticum Hervoiae ducis Spalatensis". archive.org (in Latin). Retrieved 10 May 2020.
- ^ Miller, William (2014). Essays on the Latin Orient. Cambridge University Press. p. 481. ISBN 9781107455535. Retrieved 16 February 2019.
- ^ Preveden, Francis Ralph (1962). A history of the Croatian people from their arrival on the shores of the Adriatic to the present day: with some account of the Gothic, Roman, Greek, Illyrian, and prehistoric periods of the ancient Illyricum and Pannonia. Philosophical Library. pp. 98, 99, 100. Retrieved 16 February 2019.
- ^ Zlatar, Zdenko (2007). The Poetics of Slavdom: The Mythopoeic Foundations of Yugoslavia. Peter Lang. p. 544. ISBN 9780820481357. Retrieved 16 February 2019.
- ^ Cvetković, Branislav (19 December 2014). "The Header to the Ten Commandments in the Hval Codex: a Contribution to the Semantics of Medieval Illumination". Ars Adriatica (in Croatian and English) (4). hrcak.srce.hr: 155–172. doi:10.15291/ars.493. Retrieved 16 February 2019.
- ^ a b c Kurtović, Esad (2009). Veliki vojvoda bosanski Sandalj Hranić Kosača (PDF) (in Bosnian) (Historijske monografije; knj. 4 ed.). Institut za istoriju Sarajevo. ISBN 978-9958-649-01-1. Archived from the original (.pdf) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 10 January 2016.
- ^ a b c Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press.
- ^ Filipović, Emir O. (2010). "Viteske svecanosti u Budimu 1412. godine i ucesce bosanskih predstavnika (Festivities held in Buda in 1412 and the participation of Bosnian magnates)" (.pdf/.html). Spomenica Akademika Marka Šunjića (1927-1998), Filozofski Fakultet U Sarajevu (in Bosnian and English). Filozofski fakultet u Sarajevu. Retrieved 10 January 2016.
- ^ a b Malcolm, Noel (2002). Bosnia: A Short History. Pan Books, Pan Macmillan of Macmillan Publishers Ltd. ISBN 978-0814755617.