Bošnjani (Cyrillic: Бошњани; singular masculine: Bošnjanin / Бошњанин, feminine: Bošnjanka / Бошњанка; Latin: Bosniensis), meaning Bosnians, is the name originating from the Middle Ages, used for the inhabitants of Bosnia.[1][2][3] The name is used and can be found in Bosnian written monuments from that period, appearing in Venetian sources as earliest as 12th century, according to investigation of the relations between Bosnia and Venetia by historian Marko Šunjić, and other documents until at least early 16th century and the Ottoman conquest and power stabilization.
The term good Bosnian (dobri Bošnjanin, добри Бошњанин) was not a geographical reference for the inhabitants along the Bosna River, but it was referred to the population of the entire medieval Bosnia, regardless of religion, which can be seen in various charters of the 14th and 15th centuries during the reign of ban Stjepan II Kotromanić, ban Tvrtko I Kotromanić, King Stjepan Ostoja, etc. In these charters, Bosnian rulers mention good Bosnians as witnesses.[4]
History
editThe demonym "Bošnjani" appears in medieval state documents (charters) of foreign and/or Bosnian provenience, written in Bosnian Cyrillic, since the 12th century, and is used in reference to Bosnian nobility of medieval Bosnia, their subjects, to the witnesses in disputes, testaments, provisions, to their relatives and kin, and so on. Most notably it was used in charters by Bosnian magnates and royalties, and among the last to use it in his being Bosnian king Stjepan Tomašević, prior to the Ottoman conquest of Bosnia.[5][6][7][8][9]
Appearing in a number of documents from the period, it was often coupled with the word "Good" (Dobri, Добри). For example, a 1417 document by Stjepan Ostoja mentions i nostri boni Bosnensi, and the same term is used in a 1419 document by Stjepan Ostojić.[10] Ćošković dates the term to Stjepan II Kotromanić (1322–53).[11] The syntagm of Dobri Bošnjani, Добри Бошњани (the "Good Bosnians") which appear in historical documents (charters) as a social and ethical category, historian Srečko Džaja relates to similar syntagm of "boni homines".[12]
Assessment
editBosnian historian Pejo Ćošković, citing Ferdo Šišić and Dominik Mandić, describes the use of the term in royal documents as membership in Bosnian nobility, with no indication of the subject's religion.[10] and as a political term to distinguish people from Bosnia proper from people from other lands acquired in the hidays of Kingdom of Bosnia and included into royal titulage.[11]
Revival
editDuring the Austro-Hungarian era the term Bošnjak was also preferred until the beginning of the 20th century, and is encountered in Bosnian Franciscan writings, such as prominent members of the order, historians and writers, Ivan Frano Jukić and Antun Knežević, who were first to relate the name to ethnic and national context. The situation changed again in the 20th century, as Bosanac (see also: Bosnian and Bosnians) came to be the preferred term. Following the independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the early 1990s, Bosniaks reinvigorated the (by then) archaic term Bošnjaci – Bosniaks – for their national name, based on the word's historical ethno-geographic connotations.[7]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Klaić, Vjekoslav, (1882), Poviest Bosne do propasti kraljevstva, str. 43, Zagreb
- ^ Filipović, Muhamed, (1997), Bosna i Hercegovina: najvažnije geografske, demografske, historijske, kulturne i političke činjenice, str. 22
- ^ Ćirković, Sima, (1964), Istorija srednjovjekovne bosanske države, str. 350, Beograd
- ^ Nakaš, Župarić, Lalić, Dautović, Kurtović, (2018), Codex diplomaticus regni bosnae - povelje i pisma stare bosanske države, pp. 70, 73, 75, 79, 93, 96, 99, 107, 112, 381, Mladinska knjiga Sarajevo
- ^ The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century
- ^ The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest
- ^ a b When Ethnicity Did Not Matter in the Balkans: A Study of Identity in Pre-Nationalist Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia in the Medieval and Early-Modern Periods
- ^ Gregor Cremosnik, Bosanske i humske povelje
- ^ Aleksandar Solovjev-Vlasteoske Povelje Bosanskih Vladara
- ^ a b Pejo Ćošković (June 1996). "Veliki knez bosanski Tvrtko Borovinić". Croatica Christiana Periodica (in Croatian). 20 (37): 63–64. ISSN 0350-7823. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
[...] svjedoci [...] označeni izrazima "naši dobri Bošnjani (i nostri boni Bosnensi), što sasvim jasno određuje njihovu stalešku pripadnost bosanskom plemstvu.25 - Navedeni izrazi ne predstavljaju nikakvu etničku ili konfesionalnu odrednicu onih na koje se odnosi, kako se to može napose u historiografskoj literaturi o »Crkvi bosanskoj«, pa s tim u vezi navodimo tek djela nekih istaknutijih autora. Usp. F. ŠIŠIĆ, Vojvoda Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić i njegovo doba (1350–1414), Zagreb, 1902, 236 (dalje: ŠIŠIĆ, Vojvoda Hrvoje); D. MANDIĆ, Bogomilska crkva bosanskih krstjana, Chicago, Ill. 1962, 200, 385 (dalje: MANDIĆ, Bogomilska crkva).
- ^ a b Pejo Ćošković (July 2000). "Pogledi o povijesti Bosne i crkvi bosanskoj". Journal - Institute of Croatian History (in Croatian). 32–33 (1). Faculty of Philosophy, Zagreb, FF press. ISSN 0353-295X. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
Razlikovanje Bosne od ostalih kasnije stečenih dijelova ostalo je prisutno u titulaturi bosanskih vladara tijekom čitavog srednjeg vijeka. Uvažavanje te složenosti bosanskog državnog prostora može pružiti podlogu i pomoći pri razmišljanju o etničkoj i narodnosnoj pripadnosti srednjovjekovnog bosanskog stanovništva. U tijesnoj vezi s tim je postanak i funkcioniranje naziva Bošnjani kojim su u domaćoj izvornoj građi nazivani politički podanici bosanskih vladara od vremena Stjepana II. Kotromanića. Rjeđe su taj naziv Dubrovčani talijanizirali i pisali kao Bosignani.
- ^ Srećko M. Džaja, 2008, “Dobri Bošnjani” i “boni homines” https://vdocuments.mx/srecko-dzaja-dobri-bosnjani-i-boni-homines.html #page=125