Antoinette Bourignon de la Porte (13 January 1616 – 30 October 1680) was a French-Flemish mystic and adventurer. She taught that the end times would come soon and that the Last Judgment would then fall. Her belief was that she was chosen by God to restore true Christianity on earth and became the central figure of a spiritual network that extended beyond the borders of the Dutch Republic, including Holstein and Scotland. Bourignon's sect belonged to the spiritualist movements that have been characterized as the "third power".
Antoinette Bourignon | |
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| Born | Antoinette Bourignon 13 January 1616 Lille, Flanders |
| Died | 30 October 1680 (aged 64) Franeker, Friesland |
Early years
editAntoinette was born to a family of wealthy Catholic merchants in Lille in 1616.[1] She was born with a severe cleft lip and palate, and initially "it was debated whether her life was worth preserving", although a subsequent surgery completely removed the birth defect.[2] By her own account, she was attracted to religion from an early age, lecturing her parents on religion as young as five.[2] [3]
Career
editIn 1636, she fled a marriage her father had arranged for her, but was brought back home shortly after. After eighteen months at home,[2] she left to form an ascetic community at Mons, the first of many attempts in her life to create a new community around revelations she believed to have been revealed directly to her.[4]
Antoinette would have preferred to have joined a strict religious order, the Discalced Carmelites. In 1653 she founded a girls’ orphanage with inheritance money. In 1662 she fled to Ghent and Mechelen, after the magistrate investigated the harsh regime of the orphanage after one of the girls died there. Bourignon claimed to be in direct connection with God and accused the girls of having a pact with the devil.
Bourignon disliked the lavish splendour of the Catholic Church and wanted to establish a community of what she saw as true Christians. It was her view that only "true Christians" would be saved and Bourignon was - according to her - obliged by God to gather these true Christians. In Mechelen she won her first follower, Christiaan de Cort. De Cort had grand plans to establish a new colony on Nordstrand, an island off the coast of Schleswig-Holstein. There a Roman Catholic community had been established since 1652 consisting of dyke workers from Brabant. In 1667 she moved with De Cort to Amsterdam to attract more sponsors. There she met Jean de Labadie, Comenius and Anna Maria van Schurman and began publishing her writings.
Her intense religiosity, unorthodox views and disregard of all sects drew both persecution and followers.[3] Much of the criticism levelled at her was because she was acting as a spiritual leader of a largely male group, many of them married men. They included merchants, craftsmen, doctors (such as Steven Blankaart), painters, rentiers, clerics and scholars (such as Robert Boyle, who had her work translated into English)[citation needed], and Comenius, who invited her to his deathbed. Subsequently, she gained the support of Jan Swammerdam, who was in a spiritual crisis and did not fully trust her[citation needed], and the owner of Nyenrode Castle, Johan Ortt.
In 1671, she inherited a portion of the island of Nordstrand, not far from Husum, from De Cort, who left large debts after his death. There, she moved with a few followers and started a commune. She set up a printing press and carried on attracting controversy, calling herself the "new Eve" until her press was confiscated by the local government. She then fled to Husum, in an area then known for its religious tolerance and freedom.
Setting up another printing press, Bourignon and her followers distributed her writings at fairs and annual markets. In 1675 Jan Swammerdam visited the community. He had burned his study of the silkworm on her advice.[5] Swammerdam traveled to Copenhagen to visit the mother of Nicolaus Steno, and immediately returned to Amsterdam. He failed to finish his work The Book of Nature, which was full of mystical poems and phrases.
The community, consisting of six wealthy and educated persons, failed when the only other woman refrained from further service. The printing press was confiscated by the Lutheran government. Bourignon was accused of witchcraft and so hurriedly departed to Hamburg. Her stay there was brief; opposition from the Lutheran clergy there forced her to move to East-Friesland, accompanied by Pierre Poiret. There she attempted to found a hospital in the outbuildings of a chateau in Lütetsburg. But by then she was losing much of her support and so decided to return to Amsterdam. On her way there, she fell ill and was stranded in Franeker, Friesland, where she died on 30 October 1680.[3]
Legacy
editAfter her death, most of her followers drifted away; a small group remained who edited and circulated her unpublished writings. In 1686, her collected works were published in 19 volumes by the Amsterdam publisher John Wetstein. Finally a large part of her manuscripts ended up at the Aalmoezeniersweeshuis (Orphanage) and the Remonstrant Congregation of Amsterdam through Volckert van de Velde. The entire collection now rests in the library of the University of Amsterdam.
In the early 18th century, her influence was revived in Scotland (see Andrew Michael Ramsay), sufficiently to call forth several denunciations of her doctrines in the various Presbyterian general assemblies of 1701, 1709 and 1710.[3]
Writings
editHer writings, containing an account of her life and of her visions and opinions, were collected by her disciple, Pierre Poiret (19 vols, Amsterdam, 1679–1686), who also published her life (2 vols, 1683):
- La vie de Damlle Antoinette Bourignon. Ecrite partie par elle-méme, partie par une personne de sa connoissance, dans les Traités dont on void le tiltre a la page suivante. Amsterdam: J. Riewerts & P. Arents, 1683. The first volume of the book (pp. 137–223) contains her autobiography up to 1668.
For a critical account see Hauck, Realencylopädie (Leipzig, 1897), and Étude sur Antoinette Bourignon, by M. E. S. (Paris, 1876). Three of her works at least have been translated into English, some by Robert Boyle in an earlier stage:
- An Abridgment of the Light of the World (London, 1786)
- A Treatise of Solid Virtue (1699)
- The Restoration of the Gospel Spirit (1707).[3]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ C.U.M. Smith (2 August 2012). The Animal Spirit Doctrine and the Origins of Neurophysiology. Oxford University Press. pp. 113–. ISBN 978-0-19-976649-9.
- ^ a b c MacEwen, Alex (1910). Antoinette Bourignon, Quietist. London: Hodder and Stoughton. p. 27. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
- ^ a b c d e One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bourignon, Antoinette". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 332.
- ^ Harry Johnson (21 January 2015). The Humanity of the Savior. Wipf & Stock Publishers. pp. 137–. ISBN 978-1-4982-0751-5.
- ^ Wiep Van Bunge (1 January 2003). The Early Enlightenment in the Dutch Republic, 1650-1750: Selected Papers of a Conference, Held at the Herzog August Bibliothek, Wolfenbèuttel 22-23 March 2001. BRILL. pp. 103–. ISBN 90-04-13587-1.
Bibliography
edit- Mirjam de Baar, 'Ik moet spreken'. Het spiritueel leiderschap van Antoinette Bourignon (1616–1680), Zutphen: Walburg Pers 2004, in Dutch, read online
- Mirjam de Baar: Gender, genre and authority in seventeenth-century religious writing: Anna Maria van Schurman and Antoinette Bourignon as contrasting examples, 30p. free PDF
External links
edit- Bourignon in The Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia
- The Correspondence of Antoinette Bourignon in
- EMLO
- Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz (1975). "Bourignon de la Porte, Antoinette". In Bautz, Friedrich Wilhelm (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 1. Hamm: Bautz. col. 721. ISBN 3-88309-013-1.
- Project Continua: Biography of Antoinette Bourignon