Brandt's cormorant (Urile penicillatus) is a strictly marine bird of the cormorant family of seabirds that inhabits the Pacific coast of North America. It ranges, in the summer, from Alaska to the Gulf of California, but the population north of Vancouver Island migrates south during the winter. Its specific name, penicillatus is Latin for a painter's brush (pencil of hairs), in reference to white plumes on its neck and back during the early breeding season. The common name honors the German naturalist Johann Friedrich von Brandt of the Academy of Sciences at St. Petersburg, who described the species from specimens collected on expeditions to the Pacific during the early 19th century.
| Brandt's cormorant | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Suliformes |
| Family: | Phalacrocoracidae |
| Genus: | Urile |
| Species: | U. penicillatus
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| Binomial name | |
| Urile penicillatus (Brandt, 1837)
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| Synonyms | |
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Phalacrocorax penicillatus | |
Taxonomy
editIt was formerly classified in the genus Phalacrocorax, but a 2014 study supported reclassifying it and several other Pacific cormorant species into the genus Urile.[2] The IOU followed this classification in 2021.[3]
Description
editThe average size of a Brandt's cormorant is 4.6 pounds. They have a length of about 34 inches and their wingspan is 4 feet.[4] During the breeding season, adults have a blue throat patch.
Distribution and habitat
editBrandt's cormorants live on the Pacific coast of North America, in habitats such as bays, estuaries, and lagoons.[4] This species nests on the ground or on rocky outcroppings. Año Nuevo Island is an important seabird breeding colony in the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, hosting Brandt's cormorants among other species of seabirds.[5]
Behavior
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They typically live in groups. They breed between March and August, and usually have four eggs. Young birds are cared for by both parents.[6][7]
Diet
editBrandt's cormorants mostly eat fish such as herring and rockfish, but their diet can include other fish as well as shrimp and crabs.[6] To hunt, they dive beneath the surface of the ocean to catch fish. They can dive over 200 feet deep.[8] They can hunt either in groups or alone.[6]
Brandt's cormorants feed either singly or in flocks, and are adaptable in prey choice and undersea habitat. It feeds on small fish from the surface to sea floor, obtaining them, like all cormorants, by pursuit diving using its feet for propulsion. Prey is often what is most common: in central California, rockfish from the genus Sebastes is the most commonly taken, but off British Columbia, it is Pacific herring. Brandt's cormorants have been observed foraging at depths of over 36.5 m (120 ft).
References
edit
- ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Urile penicillatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22696753A133800026. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22696753A133800026.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ Kennedy, Martyn; Spencer, Hamish G. (2014-10-01). "Classification of the cormorants of the world". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 79: 249–257. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.06.020. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 24994028.
- ^ "Taxonomic Updates – IOC World Bird List". Retrieved 2021-07-28.
- ^ a b "Brandt's Cormorant - Channel Islands National Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-19.
- ^ "Birds". CA State Parks. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
- ^ a b c "Brandt's Cormorant". Audubon. 2014-11-13. Retrieved 2020-11-24.
- ^ "Brandts Cormorant - Presidio of San Francisco (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-24.
- ^ "Brandt's Cormorant Overview, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology". www.allaboutbirds.org. Retrieved 2020-11-28.