The Bridgeton incident was the mining of the supertanker SS Bridgeton by Iranian IRGC navy near Farsi Island in the Persian Gulf on July 24, 1987.[1][2] The ship was sailing in the first convoy of Operation Earnest Will, the U.S. response to Kuwaiti requests to protect its tankers from attack amid the Iran–Iraq War.[3]
| Bridgeton incident | |
|---|---|
| Part of the Tanker War | |
 The convoy's route | |
| Type | Naval mining |
| Location | 13 miles west of Farsi Island, Persian Gulf 27°58′N 49°50′E / 27.967°N 49.833°E |
| Target | the US-escorted convoy |
| Date | 24 July 1987 |
| Executed by | IRGC Navy base in Farsi Island |
| Outcome | A mine successfully hit the escorted tanker |
The explosion of an Iranian mine in the Gulf's shipping channel damaged Bridgeton's outer hull but did not prevent it from completing its voyage.[4] Nevertheless, the incident was a propaganda victory for Iran.[5] The captain of the ship complained about the information given to the press, by United States politicians following a meeting with President Reagan, and the fact that four warships and a carrier group could not prevent Iran from placing a small minefield in the supposedly secret, but compromised, route of the tanker.[6]
Background
edit
Within a year of launching the Iran–Iraq War in 1980, Iraq began attacking ships carrying oil from Iranian ports, seeking to intimidate Tehran's allies and trading partners and deprive Iran of oil revenues. In 1984, Iran began to follow suit, attacking the tankers of countries that supported Iraq. In 1987, Kuwait, whose ships carried Iraqi oil, asked both the Soviet Union and the United States for military help.[3]
Initially, Moscow offered to loan Kuwait three Soviet-flagged oil tankers and to protect them with Soviet Navy warships.[3] In response, and in light of United Nations Security Council Resolution 598, the United States suggested that Kuwaiti tankers fly American flags and travel in convoys protected by the U.S. Navy. This convoy effort was dubbed Operation Earnest Will.[3]
Incident
editAssembled to protect Kuwait's tankers were four frigates, three cruisers, and a destroyer in or around the Persian Gulf and the Strait of Hormuz. As well, the U.S. Navy aircraft carrier Constellation and its task force were nearby in the Indian Ocean, while the battleship Missouri, two more cruisers, and a helicopter carrier were patrolling the area. The operation's plan called for convoys protected by three or four U.S. warships and carrier-based aircraft, including A-6 attack aircraft, F/A-18 strike fighters, EA-6B jamming aircraft, and F-14 fighters.[7]
On July 21, 1987, the 414,266-ton Bridgeton and the 48,233-ton gas tanker Gas Prince sailed from the Gulf of Oman under the protection of three U.S. warships in the first convoy of Earnest Will. It transited the Strait of Hormuz without incident,[8] although the group was approached by four Iranian F-4 fighters.[9]
When the convoy arrived at the midpoint of its voyage, Iran proclaimed that the convoy carried "prohibited goods". Pasdaran commander Mohsen Rezai initially ordered an attack by Pasdaran speedboats from Farsi Island, but later, based on advice from Iranian Leader Ayatollah Khomeini, it was agreed to keep with the mining operation instead of a direct fight. A special Pasdaran unit which had spent several weeks practicing for this mission laid a string of nine mines 500 yards (460 m) apart, and then hastened back to Farsi.[1][2][10][11]
American intelligence had discovered Rezai's aborted unauthorized attack but missed the mining operation. On July 24, Bridgeton collided with mine at a position of 27°58' north and 49°50' east, 13 miles west of Farsi Island. The explosion caused a 43-square-meter (460 sq ft) dent in the body of the oil tanker. Bridgeton slowed, but did not stop. Meanwhile, the U.S. Navy warships took station in the tanker's wake, allowing the big double-hulled ship to break trail.[1][2][12][13]
Aftermath
editOne day before the incident, Rear Admiral Harold J. Bernsen, commander of the Middle East Force, said, "The Iranian Air Force and Navy are not strong. It would not be in their best interest to utilize their forces in a direct confrontation". After the incident, Bernsen said there had been indications that Iran had laid mines, but no one thought they would affect the convoy.[5]
Following the incident, the Pentagon announced it would deploy more warships to the area, and Defense Secretary Caspar Weinberger announced that the U.S. would retaliate against any country that set mines in the way of ships destined for Kuwait. Although there was no authenticated evidence of Iran culpability, American officials were all convinced that the Pasdaran force of Iran had placed mines under water at night before the incident. Weinberger said minesweeping would be given the highest priority.[1]
The Bridgeton incident was a propaganda victory for Iran. Prime Minister Mir-Hossein Mousavi called it "an irreparable blow on America's political and military prestige".[5] Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani said, "From now on, if our wells, installations, and centers are hit, we will make the installations and centers of Iraq's partners the targets of our attacks".[5]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d Gibson, Bryan R (2010). Covert Relationship: American Foreign Policy, Intelligence, and the Iran-Iraq War, 1980–1988. Praeger. p. 202. ISBN 978-0313386107.
- ^ a b c Haghshenass, Fariborz. "Iran's Asymmetric Naval Warfare" (PDF). washingtoninstitute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-04-17. Retrieved 2016-01-12.
- ^ a b c d Peniston, Bradley (2006). No Higher Honor: Saving the USS Samuel B. Roberts in the Persian Gulf. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 2, 66–68. ISBN 1-59114-661-5.
- ^ Cordesman, Anthony H; Wagner, Abraham (1991). The Lessons of Modern War, Vol. 2: The Iran-Iraq War (PDF). Westview Press. pp. 29–30. ISBN 978-0813313306. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-01-04. Retrieved 2015-12-26.
- ^ a b c d Cordesman, Anthony H; Wagner, Abraham (1991). The Lessons of Modern War, Vol. 2: The Iran-Iraq War (PDF). Westview Press. p. 30. ISBN 978-0813313306. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-01-04. Retrieved 2015-12-26.
- ^ Stillwell, Paul (May 1988). "All Issues SS Bridgeton: The First Convoy". U.S. Naval Institute. Retrieved 24 July 2019.
- ^ Cordesman, Anthony H; Wagner, Abraham (1991). The Lessons of Modern War, Vol. 2: The Iran-Iraq War (PDF). Westview Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-0813313306. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-01-04. Retrieved 2015-12-26.
- ^ CRIST, DAVID. "America's 'War on Terror'". PENGUIN PRESS.
- ^ Hakimi, Erfan. "Explosion of America's reputation explosion in the Gulf". Borhan. Archived from the original on 2018-01-18. Retrieved 2016-01-16.
- ^ Crist, David (2013). The Twilight War: The secret history of America's thirty-year conflict with Iran. New York: The Penguin Press. p. 246. ISBN 978-1-101-57234-4.
- ^ Hakimi, Erfan. "America's reputation explosion in the Persian Gulf". www.borhan.ir. Archived from the original on 18 January 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
- ^ Crist, David (2013). The Twilight War: The secret history of America's thirty-year conflict with Iran. New York: The Penguin Press. p. 246. ISBN 978-1-101-57234-4.
- ^ Hakimi, Erfan. "America's reputation explosion in the Persian Gulf". www.borhan.ir. Archived from the original on 18 January 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2015.