The Emirate of Afghanistan,[b] known as the Emirate of Kabul until 1855,[2] was an emirate in Central Asia and South Asia that encompassed present-day Afghanistan and parts of present-day Pakistan (before 1893).[3] The emirate emerged from the Durrani Empire, when Dost Mohammad Khan, the founder of the Barakzai dynasty in Kabul, prevailed.
| 1823–1926 | |||||||||||||||||
  Map of the Emirate of Afghanistan in 1914 (green) Afghanistan before the 1893 Durand Line Agreement (yellow) | |||||||||||||||||
| Status | De-jure British protected state (1879–1919)[a][1] | ||||||||||||||||
| Capital | Kabul | ||||||||||||||||
| Official languages | Persian | ||||||||||||||||
| Spoken languages | |||||||||||||||||
| Ethnic groups | Pashtun, Tajik, Uzbek, Hazara, Persian, Aimaq, Turkmen, Baloch, Pashai, Nuristani, Gurjar, Arab, Brahui, Qizilbash, Pamiri, Kyrgyz, others | ||||||||||||||||
| Religion | Majority: Sunni Islam Minorities: Twelver Shia Islam, Ismailism, Hinduism, Sikhism, Judaism, Christianity | ||||||||||||||||
| Demonym(s) | Afghan | ||||||||||||||||
| Government | Unitary absolute emirate | ||||||||||||||||
| Emir | |||||||||||||||||
• 1823–1826 (first) | Sultan Mohammad Khan | ||||||||||||||||
• 1919–1926 (last) | Amanullah Khan | ||||||||||||||||
| Legislature | Loya Jirga | ||||||||||||||||
| Historical era | 19th century | ||||||||||||||||
• Established | 1823 | ||||||||||||||||
| 24 May 1879 | |||||||||||||||||
• Durand Line Agreement | 12 November 1893 | ||||||||||||||||
| 8 August 1919 | |||||||||||||||||
• Transformed into a kingdom | 9 June 1926 | ||||||||||||||||
| Currency | Afghan rupee | ||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||
| Today part of | Afghanistan Pakistan | ||||||||||||||||
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The history of the Emirate was dominated by the 'Great Game' between the Russian Empire and the British Empire for supremacy in Central Asia. This period was characterized by European influence in Afghanistan. The Emirate of Afghanistan continued the Durrani Empire's war with the Sikh Empire, losing control of the former Afghan stronghold of the Valley of Peshawar at the Battle of Nowshera on 14 March 1823. This was followed in 1838 by the First Anglo-Afghan War with British forces. The war eventually resulted in victory for Afghans, with the British withdrawal in 1842[4] and Dost Mohammad being reinstalled to the throne.[4] However, during the Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878–1880), the British and Afghans signed the Treaty of Gandamak, which allowed the British to assume control of the Afghan territories within modern-day Pakistan as well as of Afghanistan's foreign affairs, on the condition that a subsidy be paid to the Afghans and the British military fully withdraw. Emir Amanullah Khan signed the Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919 following the Third Anglo-Afghan War, gaining full Afghan independence. In 1926, Amanullah Khan reformed the country as the Kingdom of Afghanistan, becoming its first King.
History
editEscalated a few years after the establishment of the emirate, the Russian and British interests were in conflict between Muhammad Shah of Iran and Dost Mohammad Khan, which led to the First Anglo-Afghan War, fought between 1838 and 1842.[5] During the war, Britain occupied the capital, Kabul, of the then called Emirate of Kabul, in an effort to prevent Afghanistan from coming under Russian control and curb Russian expansion, while also keeping Afghanistan in the British fold under a puppet leader, Shah Shujah Durrani. The war ended with Dost Mohammad returning to the throne, with the British withdrawing; unable to subjugate the country, they forged greater ties instead, allowing Dost Mohammad to move toward uniting the dis-united state of Afghanistan, which split from the Durrani Civil wars brought on by the sons of Timur Shah.[6]
Upon the death of Dost Mohammad in 1863, he was succeeded by his son, Sher Ali Khan. However, three years later, his older brother Mohammad Afzal Khan overthrew him. In 1868, Mohammad Afzal Khan was himself overthrown and replaced as Emir by Sher Ali, who returned to the throne after spending few short years in exile in Russia. His return as Emir led to new conflicts with Britain. Subsequently, the British marched on 21 November 1878 into Afghanistan and Emir Sher Ali was forced to flee again to Russia, but he died in 1879 in Mazar-i-Sharif.[7] His successor, Mohammad Yaqub Khan, sought solutions for peace with Russia and gave them a greater say in Afghanistan's foreign policy. Meanwhile, he signed the Treaty of Gandamak with the British on 26 May 1879, relinquishing solely the control of Afghanistan foreign affairs to the British Empire. However, when the British envoy Sir Louis Cavagnari was killed in Kabul on 3 September 1879, the British offered to accept Abdur Rahman Khan as Emir. The British concluded a peace treaty with the Afghans in 1880, and withdrew again in 1881 from Afghanistan. The British, in 1893, forced Afghanistan to consent to a new border, termed the Durand Line, which cuts right through the historic Pashtun settlement region.[8]
After the war, Emir Abdur Rahman Khan, who struck down the country reformed and repressed numerous uprisings. After his death in 1901 his son Habibullah Khan succeeded as emir and continued reforms. Habibullah Khan sought reconciliation with the UK, where he graduated in 1905 with a peace treaty with Russia, stretching for defeat in the Russo-Japanese War had to withdraw from Afghanistan. In the First World War, Afghanistan remained neutral, despite German and Ottoman efforts (Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition). In 1919 Habibullah Khan was assassinated by political opponents.[9]
Habibullah Khan's son Amanullah Khan was in 1919 against the rightful heir apparent Nasrullah Khan, the then Emir of Afghanistan. Shortly afterwards another war broke which lasted for three months.[10][11][12][13] This war was ended with the Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919 after which, the Afghans were able to resume the right to conduct their own foreign affairs as a fully independent state.[14] Amanullah Khan began the reformation of the country and was crowned 1926 Padshah (king) of Afghanistan and founded the Kingdom of Afghanistan.[15]
See also
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Notes
edit- ^ Despite agreeing to the terms of the Treaty of Gandamak, Abdur Rahman Khan held Afghanistan as a de-facto independent state by holding external affairs with other nations such as Persia and Russia, and often opposing the British.
- ^
References
editCitations
edit- ^ "The Raj Reconsidered: British India's Informal Empire and Spheres of Influence in Asia and Africa" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 August 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
- ^ Lee 2019, p. 317.
- ^ Lee, Jonathan (2019). Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present. Reaktion Books. p. 188. ISBN 9781789140101.
- ^ a b Kohn, George Childs (2013). Dictionary of Wars. Revised Edition. London/New York: Routledge. p. 5. ISBN 9781135954949. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
- ^ Shultz, Richard H.; Dew, Andrea J. (22 August 2006). Insurgents, Terrorists, and Militias: The Warriors of Contemporary Combat. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231503426.
- ^ Baxter, Craig (2001). "The First Anglo–Afghan War". In Federal Research Division, Library of Congress (ed.). Afghanistan: A Country Study. Baton Rouge, LA: Claitor's Pub. Division. ISBN 1-57980-744-5. Archived from the original on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
- ^ Dupree: Amir Sher Ali Khan Archived 30 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Smith, Cynthia (August 2004). "A Selection of Historical Maps of Afghanistan – The Durand Line". United States: Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 9 January 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
- ^ Islam and Politics in Afghanistan, Olesen, page 101
- ^ Dijk, Ruud van; Gray, William Glenn; Savranskaya, Svetlana; Suri, Jeremi; Zhai, Qiang (13 May 2013). Encyclopedia of the Cold War. Routledge. ISBN 9781135923105. Archived from the original on 19 May 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
- ^ Adamec, Ludwig W. (1 January 2012). Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810878150. Archived from the original on 17 June 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
- ^ Pazhvāk, ʻabd al-Raḥmān (1959). Aryana, ancient Afghanistan. Archived from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
- ^ Jawed, Mohammed Nasir (1 January 1996). Year Book of the Muslim World. Medialine. ISBN 9788186420003. Archived from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
- ^ Barthorp 2002, pp. 27 & 64
- ^ "Afghanistan". World Statesmen. Archived from the original on 14 January 2012. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
Works cited
edit- Barthorp, Michael (2002) [1982]. Afghan Wars and the North-West Frontier 1839–1947. London: Cassell. ISBN 0-304-36294-8.
Further reading
edit- Clements, Frank. Conflict in Afghanistan: A Historical Encyclopedia (ABC-Clio, 2003), (online).