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Teesside Steelworks

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The Teesside Steelworks was a large steelworks that formed a continuous stretch along the south bank of the River Tees from the towns of Middlesbrough to Redcar in North Yorkshire, England. At its height there were 91 blast furnaces within a 10-mile radius of the area. By the end of the 1970s there was only one left on Teesside. Opened in 1979 and located near the mouth of the River Tees, the Redcar blast furnace was the second largest in Europe.[1]

Teesside Steelworks at night, in 2009

The majority of the steelworks, including the Redcar blast furnace, Redcar and South Bank coke ovens and the BOS plant at Lackenby closed in 2015. The Teesside Beam Mill and some support services still operate at the Lackenby part of the site.

On 1 October 2022, the Basic Oxygen Steelmaking (BOS) Plant at Lackenby was demolished in one of the largest single explosive demolition operations in the country in 75 years.[2]

History

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19th century Origins

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Iron Works, Middlesbrough, c. 1865–70, Alfred William Hunt

Bolckow, Vaughan & Co

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Main article: Bolckow, Vaughan

In 1850s, iron ore was discovered in near Eston in the Cleveland Hills of Yorkshire, by John Vaughan and his mining geologist John Marley.[3][better source needed] Vaughan and his partner Henry Bolckow, over the next decades, would build an iron and steel works, which extended, by 1864, over 700 acres (280 ha) along the banks of the River Tees.[4][better source needed][5]

 
"The Middlesbrough and Cleveland Iron Trade Jubilee in 1881: general view of Middlesbrough, North Yorkshire." from The Illustrated London News, 8 October 1881

In 1875, Edward Windsor Richards became the General Manager of the Middlesbrough Ironworks. Richards was in charge of the design and construction of the new plant at Eston, the Cleveland Steel Works. It had three coke fired haematite blast furnaces. Richards' work helped to improve the Bessemer process for making steel, in the case when the ore is rich in phosphorus, and an alkaline rock (dolomite, limestone or magnesite) is used. This variant is called the Gilchrist–Thomas process after its inventor Sidney Gilchrist Thomas who persuaded Richards to adopt it.[6]

The firm later acquired the Southbank Steelworks and adopted the Gilchrist–Thomas process at the suggestion of its developer, Sidney Gilchrist Thomas. This allowed the use of local ironstone which had a high phosphorus content. Bolckow, Vaughan & Co Ltd were already well established producers of Iron owning many Ironworks and furnaces and were seen as the driving force behind the rapid expansion of Middlesbrough or "Ironopolis" and Great Britain's leading producer of pig iron.[7] After the company's acquisition of the Clay Lane works at the end of the century and a shift in production from Iron to steel they became the largest producers of steel in Great Britain and possibly the world, owning 21 of the 91 blast furnaces in the Cleveland area.[8][9]

Dorman Long

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Main article: Dorman Long

In 1876, Arthur Dorman entered into a partnership with Albert de Lande Long to form Dorman Long, taking over the West Marsh Ironworks in Middlesbrough. Over next 10 years Dorman Long would expand further, acquiring the Brittania works in Middlesbrough,[10] and building a new steel works at the Clarence works in a joint venture with Bell Brothers.[citation needed]

Other developments

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The amount of slag coming out of the various furnaces of Teesside increased substantially and its disposal became a costly problem for works' owners. One solution, invented in the 1870s, was the Scoria brick which became a major export of the region and can still widely be seen as a road surface in the local area.[11]

20th century expansion

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In 1902, Dorman Long would build the first integrated steelworks at Cargo Fleet.[12] In the following year, Lowthian Bell, then aged 87, sold a majority holding of the Bell companies to the rivals Dorman Long.[13]

During the First World War Dorman Long was one of the first non-munitions company in Britain to dedicate itself to shell production.[14] By 1917, they had completed a new blast furnace at Redcar with a cost of £5.4 million. Some of the steel produced here, along with steel from the Brittania and Cargo Fleet steelworks, would be used to build notable structures including the Sydney Harbour Bridge, Tyne Bridge, in the 20s, and later, the Auckland Harbour Bridge.[15]

Interwar period

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In 1923, Bolckow, Vaughan & Co acquired Redpath, Brown & Co, manufacturers of structural steel.[16]

As the 1920s went on Bolckow Vaughan found itself in an increasingly difficult financial situation. The works were reorganised, and consultation with the workforce introduced. The causes of these problems included: poor decision-making in the period from 1900–1910 which delayed the introduction of improved steelmaking technology; optimistic belief in promises of funding made by the British government during the war, leading to reliance on costly bank loans in 1918; and failure to invest in its own coal mines to provide enough for steel production, and for cash.[17][18][19] By 1929, the financial pressures, forced the company into a takeover by Dorman Long who by this point is also struggling financially.[20][21]

In 1946, The Lackenby development was built by Dorman Long between the Redcar and Cleveland Works.[citation needed]

Nationalisation

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Trolleybus passing one of the coking plants which manufactured coke for the blast furnaces (1966).
 
The erection of Redcar blast furnace in 1976.

In 1967, Dorman Long was absorbed into the newly created nationalised company, British Steel Corporation.[citation needed]

In 1979, the new blast furnace opened at the former Redcar site using the open hearth process. It was the second largest of its kind in Europe and Teesside's sole remaining blast furnace, at that time.[22]

Privatisation and decline

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In 1988, British Steel was re-privatised to form British Steel plc.[citation needed] In 1999, British Steel plc merged with Netherlands-based steel maker Koninklijke Hoogovens to form Corus Group.[23] Corus utilised the site for basic oxygen steelmaking, using iron produced at the company's Redcar blast furnace.[citation needed]

By 2003, Corus considered that the production at Teesside Cast Products (TCP) as a surplus to its needs.[24] Corus was bought by Tata Steel, in 2007.[25]

In 2009, Corus announced partial mothballing of the Teesside blast furnace. Approx. 1,700 jobs eliminated.[26][27] To help the workers, a Corus Response Group was formed which developed a comprehensive package of support. This plan was in place over the past 10 months of announcement and included employment experts on site from January 2010. Support was put in place to help affected workers with individual sessions to update CVs, highlight job opportunities and look at retraining options. The response group was also supposed to work with the Teesside Cast Products function to offer similar support.[28][29][30]

SSI

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On 24 February 2011, the steelworks was purchased by Thai-based Sahaviriya Steel Industries (SSI) at $469 million.[31] The acquisition was expected to create more than 800 jobs on top of the existing workforce of 700 and the plant was officially reopened 15 April 2012.[27][32][33]

On 18 September 2015, production was paused due to the global decline in steel prices.[34]

On 28 September 2015, the plant was mothballed again amid poor steel trading conditions across the world and a drop in steel prices.[35]

On 2 October, SSI UK entered into liquidation.

On 12 October 2015, the receiver announced there was no realistic prospect of finding a buyer. The coke ovens were scheduled for extinguishing, however this time it was done without the complex decommissioning processes conducted in 2010, which would have allowed the facility to reopen in the future.[36]

British Steel

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The remainder of the site is still operational (Teesside Beam Mill and ancillary support services at Lackenby and the deep-water bulk handling terminal), having been sold by Tata Steel to investment firm Greybull Capital on 1 June 2016. As part of the deal, the historic British Steel name was resurrected. The new company includes the UK sites at Skinningrove and Scunthorpe as well as the Hayange rail plant in northern France.[37][38]

Insolvency of British Steel

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In May 2019 British Steel collapsed and was taken over by the Insolvency Service. It was later purchased in March 2020 by Jingye Group, who agreed to save the remaining jobs by modernising the steelworks.[39]

Electric Arc Furnace plans
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In April 2024, British Steel won planning permission for an electric arc furnace to be built at the remaining Lackenby site. There is however no clear timetable for the actual construction of the structure.[40]

Demolition and Redevelopment

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The steelworks' BOS plant, blast furnace, and power station, along with auxiliary structures, were demolished in between October 2022 and June 2023, creating a 4,500-acre site of brownfield land.[2][41][42]

This is to be regenerated as Teesworks, an industrial zone and freeport project.[2]

Environmental aspects

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The closure of the steelworks, coupled with the running down of many coal-fired power stations and a UK Government carbon tax, led to a 6% reduction in carbon emissions from the United Kingdom in 2016.[43]

Transport

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The site is situated alongside the A66 and A1085 dual carriageways. Main access is via the Lackenby and Redcar entrances, situated on the A1085.

The site is adjacent to Teesport that was used for iron ore, coal, and other raw material imports, and steel exports.

The site was served by the Redcar British Steel railway station, which opened on 19 June 1978.[44] Northern discontinued service to the station in December 2019,[45] prior to this the station (owned by Network Rail), was surrounded by private land, which prevented any public access to or from the station.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Workers return as steelworks furnace is relit". BBC News – Business. BBC. 15 April 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
  2. ^ a b c "Redcar steel plant: 'Biggest demolition' of its kind in 75 years". BBC News. 1 October 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
  3. ^ Simpson, David (2009). "The Tees Valley". Middlesbrough and surrounds: Iron and Steel. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
  4. ^ Pitts, Marianne (April 2007). "How are the mighty fallen: Bolckow Vaughan Co. Ltd. 1864–1929" (PDF). www.edwards.usask.ca. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2013.
  5. ^ Boase, George Clement (1886). "Bölckow, Henry William Ferdinand" . In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 5. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
  6. ^ "E Windsor Richards". E. Windsor Richards (1831–1921). Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
  7. ^ "Grace's Guide to British Industrial History:Bolckow, Vaughan & Co". Grace's Guide to British Industrial History. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
  8. ^ "Irons in the fire: Bolckow Vaughan – Let's Look Again". letslookagain.com. 6 December 2015. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  9. ^ "A description of the North Riding of Yorkshire from Bulmer's Gazetteer (1890)". Part 3: Climate, Agriculture and Minerals. Archived from the original on 10 August 2010. Retrieved 12 March 2012.
  10. ^ "Grace's Guide to British Industrial History: Dorman Long". Grace's Guide to British Industrial History. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
  11. ^ Walsh, David (6 March 2022). "Scoria bricks: history at our feet". North East Bylines. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
  12. ^ McLauchlan, Karen (7 December 2010). "The region with an iron backbone". TeessideLive. Retrieved 4 August 2023.[circular reporting?]
  13. ^ Chandler, Alfred Dupont (1994). Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism. Harvard University Press. p. 328.
  14. ^ "Dorman Long history – Let's Look Again". letslookagain.com. 15 January 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  15. ^ Leatherdale, Duncan (3 October 2015). "The firm that bridged the world". BBC News. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
  16. ^ "Grace's Guide to British Industrial History: Redpath, Brown & Co". Grace's Guide to British Industrial History. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
  17. ^ Abé, E. (1996). "The Technological Strategy of a Leading Iron and Steel Firm, Bolckow Vaughan & Co. Ltd: Late Victorian Industrialists Did Fail". Business History. 38: 45–76. doi:10.1080/00076799600000003.
  18. ^ Tolliday, S. (1987). Business, Banking and Politics: The Case of British Steel, 1918–1939. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-08725-9.
  19. ^ Pitts, Marianne (April 2007). "How are the mighty fallen: Bolckow Vaughan Co. Ltd. 1864–1929" (PDF). www.edwards.usask.ca. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2013.
  20. ^ Tweedale, Geoffrey. "Mensforth, Sir Holberry". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/48057. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  21. ^ "The Sydney Morning Herald". British Steel Merger: Dorman, Long and South Durham. 9 May 1933. p. 11. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
  22. ^ Warwick, Tosh (22 November 2022). "The history of Redcar Blast Furnace which dominated our skyline". TeessideLive. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  23. ^ "History of Britain's steel industry". The Guardian. 1 February 2001. Archived from the original on 1 April 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2016.
  24. ^ "Corus points to future". TeessideLive. 30 September 2003. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  25. ^ "Teesside Steelworks For Sale". BBC News. BBC. 26 January 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2009.
  26. ^ "Corus job cuts 'horrendous' for Teesside". BBC News. 4 December 2009. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
  27. ^ a b "Corus Timeline: How it all began". BBC News. 27 August 2010. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
  28. ^ "Corus Statement On Job Losses In England". informationdaily.co.uk. 4 December 2009. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
  29. ^ "It's time for a new era in Tees Valley". gazettelive.co.uk. 20 April 2010. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
  30. ^ "Corus open to strategic tie-ups to save UK-based TCP Plant". Economic Times. 30 March 2010. Archived from the original on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
  31. ^ "Teesside steel plant's £291m sale secures 700 jobs". BBC News Online. BBC. 24 February 2011. Retrieved 25 February 2011.
  32. ^ "Teesside Cast Products saved by Thailand's Sahaviriya Steel Industries". The Telegraph. 24 February 2011. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
  33. ^ "Blast furnace at former Corus Redcar steel plant relit". BBC News Online. BBC. 15 April 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2012.
  34. ^ "SSI Redcar steel plant production 'paused'". BBC News. BBC. 18 September 2015. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
  35. ^ "SSI Redcar steel plant mothballed, costing 1,700 jobs". BBC News. BBC. 28 September 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2015.
  36. ^ "SSI Redcar steelworks to be shut". BBC News. BBC. 12 October 2015. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  37. ^ "British Steel name back on Teesside as Greybull completes £400m deal to buy Tata Long Products sites". Middlesbrough Gazette Live. June 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
  38. ^ "British Steel brand revived". 2 June 2016. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
  39. ^ "Deal agreed to take over British Steel". BBC News. BBC. 3 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  40. ^ "British Steel Redcar electric arc furnace gets planning permission". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
  41. ^ "Redcar's landmark blast furnace demolished". 23 November 2022. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
  42. ^ "Last of Redcar steelworks demolished for Teesworks site". 29 June 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
  43. ^ McNeal, Ian (6 March 2017). "Redcar steelworks closure contributes to UK carbon emissions fall". Gazette Live. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  44. ^ Butt, R. V. J. (October 1995). The Directory of Railway Stations: details every public and private passenger station, halt, platform and stopping place, past and present (1st ed.). Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-85260-508-7. OCLC 60251199. OL 11956311M.
  45. ^ "Bishop Auckland and Darlington to Middlesbrough and Saltburn Timetable" (PDF). Northern. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November 2019. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
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