"Candidatus Brocadia" is a candidatus genus of bacteria, meaning that while it is well-characterized, it has not been grown as a pure culture yet.[6][7] Due to this, much of what is known about Candidatus species (including Brocadia) has been discovered using culture-independent techniques such as metagenomic sequence analysis.[6]
| Brocadia | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | |
| Phylum: | |
| Class: | "Ca. Brocadiae" Jenkins and Staley 2013[1]
|
| Order: | "Ca. Brocadiales" Jetten et al. 2010[2]
|
| Family: | "Ca. Brocadiaceae" Jetten et al. 2015[3]
|
| Genus: | "Ca. Brocadia" Jetten et al. 2001[4]
|
| Type species | |
| "Ca. Brocadia anammoxidans" Jetten et al. 2001
| |
| Species[5] | |
| |
Some notable species within this genus include the type species, Candidatus Brocadia anammoxidans, along with Candidatus Brocadia sinica and Candidatus Brocadia fulgida. Many of the species in this genus, including those already listed, are capable of anaerobic ammonium oxidation, also known as anammox, an important part of the global nitrogen cycle.[8][9] Anammox works by converting fixed nitrogen back into N2 gas in the atmosphere.[9] Anammox bacteria have a unique, membrane-bound organelle where this anammox process takes place—it is called the anammoxosome.[7]
Phylogeny
editPhylogeny based on GTDB 08-RS214 by Genome Taxonomy Database[10][11][12]
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Structure
edit
Candidatus Brocadia falls under the phylum of Planctomycetota.[13] These bacteria are known for a few distinguishing phenotypic features including cell surface pits (crateriform structures), no present peptidoglycan in the cell wall, compartmentalization, and even budding reproduction rather than binary fission.[13]
Compartmentalization of Ca. Brocadia and anammox bacteria in general are of great interest. They are known to have three main compartments: (1) the paryphoplasm, (2) the riboplasm, and (3) the anammoxosome, as seen in Figure 1.[7]
The paryphoplasm is the outermost compartment of the cell, while the inner most compartment is the riboplasm, which holds the ribosomes and DNA of the cell.[7] The anammoxosome is a membrane-bound component of the cell that does not contain DNA or ribosomes, and it is where the anammox process takes place.[7] This is something that makes anammox bacteria unique, as prokaryotes typically do not have membrane-bound organelles.
Ca. Brocadia, like other anammox bacteria, have integral ladderane lipids embedded in the membranes of their anammoxosome.[14] This helps keep any toxic intermediates from the anammox process—such as hydrazine—from contaminating and damaging the rest of the cell.[14]
Natural and Industrial Environments
editNatural
editThese bacteria are found in many natural environments that the anammox process takes place in, and are a major part of the conversion of fixed nitrogen to gaseous nitrogen (N2) that is released into the atmosphere.[14] Anammox bacteria like those falling within Ca. Brocadia were first found in the Black Sea, and subsequently the Arabian Sea, both bodies of water being mostly anoxic and ideal conditions for the anammox process.[14]
Industrial
editThe genus, Ca. Brocadia and others are used in industrial waste water treatment plants using sequencing batch reactors, rotating biological contactors, membrane bioreactors, and many others.[15] These reactors are ideal for industrial waste water treatment due to their high sludge retention.[15]
Notable Species
editMany studies have been performed regarding the physiological attributes of the different anammox bacteria, including their role in the anammox process, how they perform in the anammox process, and other key features that differentiate them from each other. Comparisons between important and notable species are listed here.
Ca. B. anammoxidans is the type species for the genera of Ca. Brocadia, and the first known anammox bacteria.[13] Its name was chosen based on where the bacteria was discovered: 'Brocadia' for the pilot plant it was found in at Gist-brocades, and 'anammoxidans' due to its ability to perform anammox.[13] This was determined after its 16S ribosomal DNA was extracted, amplified, and sequenced, and it was seen to fall within the phylum of Planctomycetota.[13]
Candidatus Brocadia sinica
editCa. B. sinica was directly compared against its type species in both natural and man-made environments where anammox was performed. Ca. B. sinica was found to have slightly higher growth temperatures, while Ca. B. anammoxidans had slightly lower temperatures, but a wider range.[16] Growth pHs remained similar, with Ca. B. sinica having slightly higher pH requirements.[16] Ca. B. sinica was also shown to have higher resistance to dissolved oxygen in growth media, comparatively.[16] Ca. B. sinica outcompetes Ca. B. anammoxidans in man-made environments with high ammonium and nitrite, but it would be outcompeted in natural environments due to limited ammonium and nitrite availability.[16]
Ca. B. fulgida has been found to autofluoresce in the right concentrations and aggregations, but not as a single cell.[14] More specifically, an autofluorescent substance has been found surrounding its cells, but has not yet been further identified. Two excitation and emission values were found associated with this autofluorescence, which could suggest more than one compound contributes to this unique trait.[14]
This species is noted to have higher formate and acetate oxidation rates than its type species Ca. B. anammoxidans.[14] It's proposed that Ca. B. fulgida converts acetate to CO2 first, and then incorporates the CO2 into acetyl-CoA. This is unique because it is much more difficult than the pathway that converts acetate to acetyl-CoA.[14]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Jenkins C, Staley JT. (2013). "Chapter 1. History, Classification and Cultivation of the Planctomycetes". In Fuerst JA. (ed.). Planctomycetes: Cell Structure, Origins and Biology, Humana Press. Totowa, NJ: Springer. pp. 1–38.
- ^ Jetten MSM, Op Den Camp HJM, Kuenen G, Strous M. (2010). "Family I. "Candidatus Brocadiaceae" fam. nov.". In Krieg JTS, Brown BPH, Paster NLW, Ludwig WBW. (eds.). Bergeys Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Vol. 4 (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Springer. pp. 918–925.
- ^ Jetten MSM, Op Dem Camp HJM, Kuenen JG, Strous M. (2015). Whitman WB, Rainey F, Kämpfer P, Trujillo M, Chun J, Devos P, Hedlund B, Dedysh S. (eds.). "Candidatus Brocadiaceae" fam. nov. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons. pp. 1–10.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ Jetten MS, Wagner M, Fuerst J, van Loosdrecht M, Kuenen G, Strous M. (2001). "Microbiology and application of the anaerobic ammonium oxidation ('anammox') process". Curr Opin Biotechnol. 12 (3): 283–288. doi:10.1016/S0958-1669(00)00211-1. hdl:2066/187318. PMID 11404106.
- ^ Euzéby JP, Parte AC. ""Candidatus Brocadia"". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved August 26, 2021.
- ^ a b Pallen, Mark J. (2021-09-13). "The status Candidatus for uncultured taxa of Bacteria and Archaea: SWOT analysis". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 71 (9). doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.005000. ISSN 1466-5026. PMC 8549269. PMID 34516368.
- ^ a b c d e van Teeseling, Muriel C.F.; Neumann, Sarah; van Niftrik, Laura (2013). "The Anammoxosome Organelle Is Crucial for the Energy Metabolism of Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidizing Bacteria". Microbial Physiology. 23 (1–2): 104–117. doi:10.1159/000346547. hdl:2066/117268. ISSN 2673-1665. PMID 23615199. S2CID 22227178.
- ^ Egli K, Fanger U, Alvarez PJ, Siegrist H, van der Meer JR, Zehnder AJ. (2001). "Enrichment and characterization of an anammox bacterium from a rotating biological contactor treating ammonium-rich leachate". Arch Microbiol. 175 (3): 198–207. doi:10.1007/s002030100255. PMID 11357512. S2CID 18859078.
- ^ a b van Teeseling, Muriel C.F.; Mesman, Rob J.; Kuru, Erkin; Espaillat, Akbar; Cava, Felipe; Brun, Yves V.; VanNieuwenhze, Michael S.; Kartal, Boran; van Niftrik, Laura (2015-05-12). "Anammox Planctomycetes have a peptidoglycan cell wall". Nature Communications. 6 (1): 6878. doi:10.1038/ncomms7878. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 4432595. PMID 25962786.
- ^ "GTDB release 08-RS214". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
- ^ "bac120_r214.sp_label". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
- ^ "Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
- ^ a b c d e Jetten, Mike S. M; Wagner, Michael; Fuerst, John; van Loosdrecht, Mark; Kuenen, Gijs; Strous, Marc (2001-06-01). "Microbiology and application of the anaerobic ammonium oxidation ('anammox') process". Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 12 (3): 283–288. doi:10.1016/S0958-1669(00)00211-1. hdl:2066/187318. ISSN 0958-1669. PMID 11404106.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Kartal, Boran; Van Niftrik, Laura; Rattray, Jayne; Van De Vossenberg, Jack L.C.M.; Schmid, Markus C.; Sinninghe Damsté, Jaap; Jetten, Mike S.M.; Strous, Marc (January 1, 2008). "Candidatus 'Brocadia fulgida': an autofluorescent anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacterium: Autofluorescent anammox bacteria". FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 63 (1): 46–55. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2007.00408.x. hdl:2066/35052. PMID 18081590.
- ^ a b Hu, Bao-lan; Zheng, Ping; Tang, Chong-jian; Chen, Jian-wei; van der Biezen, Erwin; Zhang, Lei; Ni, Bing-jie; Jetten, Mike S. M.; Yan, Jia; Yu, Han-Qing; Kartal, Boran (2010-09-01). "Identification and quantification of anammox bacteria in eight nitrogen removal reactors". Water Research. Microbial ecology of drinking water and waste water treatment processes. 44 (17): 5014–5020. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2010.07.021. hdl:2066/84413. ISSN 0043-1354. PMID 20705314.
- ^ a b c d Oshiki, Mamoru; Shimokawa, Masaki; Fujii, Naoki; Satoh, Hisashi; Okabe, Satoshi (2011-06-01). "Physiological characteristics of the anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacterium 'Candidatus Brocadia sinica'". Microbiology. 157 (6): 1706–1713. doi:10.1099/mic.0.048595-0. ISSN 1350-0872. PMID 21474538.
