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Kodak Brownie

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The Brownie was a series of camera models made by Eastman Kodak and first released in 1900.[1]

Brownie
Kodak Brownie No.2 Model F (1924)
Overview
MakerEastman Kodak
Typebox camera
ReleasedFebruary 1900
Production1900–1986
Intro price$1 (equivalent to $37 in 2023)
Lens
LensMeniscus Achromat lens
Sensor/medium
Film formatEastman No. 117 rollfilm
Film size2 1/4-inch square
Shutter
ShutterRotary, 1/40 second
General
Body featuresLeatherette covered cardboard
Made inRochester, NY
Chronology
SuccessorNo. 2 Brownie (1969)
References
Brownie (original model)

It introduced the snapshot to the masses by addressing the cost factor which had meant that amateur photography remained beyond the means of many people;[2] the Pocket Kodak, for example, would cost most families in Britain nearly a whole month's wages.[3]

The Brownie was a basic cardboard box camera with a simple convex-concave lens that took 2+1⁄4-inch square pictures on No. 117 roll film. It was conceived and marketed for sales of Kodak roll films. Because of its simple controls and initial price of US$1 (equivalent to $37 in 2023) along with the low price of Kodak roll film and processing, the Brownie camera surpassed its marketing goal.[4]

Invention and etymology

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Kodak Brownie advertisement

The Brownie was invented by Frank A. Brownell for the Eastman Kodak Company.[5] Named after the Brownie characters popularised by the Canadian writer Palmer Cox, the camera was initially aimed at children. More than 150,000 Brownie cameras were shipped in the first year of production,[6] and cost a mere 5 shillings in the United Kingdom. An improved model, called No. 2 Brownie, came in 1901, which produced larger 3.25-by-2.25-inch (1.44:1 aspect ratio) photos, cost $2, and was also a huge success.[4]

Initially marketed to children, with Kodak using them to popularise photography, it achieved broader appeal as people realised that, although very simple in design and operation, the Brownie could produce very good results under the right conditions.

As they were ubiquitous, many iconic shots were taken on Brownies;[4] on 15 April 1912, Bernice Palmer used a Kodak Brownie 2A, Model A[7] to photograph the iceberg that sank RMS Titanic as well as survivors hauled aboard RMS Carpathia, the ship on which Palmer was travelling.[8] They were also taken to war by soldiers but by World War I the more compact Vest Pocket Kodak Camera as well as Kodak's Autographic Camera were the most frequently used.[9]

Another group of people that became posthumously known for their huge photo archive is the Nicholas II of Russia family, especially its four daughters (known as the OTMA sisters).[10][11] They even managed to make their Brownie models produce many panoramic 4:1 photos (see Gallery).

Having written an article in the 1940s for amateur photographers suggesting an expensive camera was unnecessary for quality photography, Picture Post photographer Bert Hardy used a Brownie camera to stage a carefully posed snapshot of 17-year-old Pat Stewart,[12] a Tiller Girls dancer, with her friend, Wendy Clarke, sitting on railings of North Pier,[12] Blackpool, for the cover of Picture Post.[13][14][15][16]

Varieties

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The cameras continued to be popular, and spawned many varieties, such as a Boy Scout edition in the 1930s. In 1940, Kodak released the Six-20 Flash Brownie,[6] Kodak's first internally synchronized flash camera, using General Electric bulbs. In 1957, Kodak produced the Brownie Starflash, Kodak's first camera with a built-in flash.[6]

The Brownie 127 was popular,[17] selling in the millions between 1952 and 1967. It was a bakelite camera with a simple meniscus lens and a curved film plane to compensate for the deficiencies of the lens.[citation needed] Another model was the Brownie Cresta sold between 1955 and 1958. It used 120 film and had a fixed-focus lens.[18][19]

The last official Brownie camera made was the Brownie II Camera, a 110 cartridge film model produced in Brazil for one year, 1986.[20]

The Kodak Brownie Number 2 is a box camera that was manufactured by the Eastman Kodak Company from 1901 to 1935.[6] There were five models, A through F, and it was the first camera to use 120 film. It also came with a viewfinder and a handle.[21] The Brownie Number 2 was made of a choice of three materials: cardboard, costing US$2.00, aluminum, costing US$2.75, and a color model which cost US$2.50. It was a very popular and affordable camera, and many are still in use by film photographers.[22]

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  •  
    Brownie No. 2 (1901–1935)
  •  
    Kodak Brownie No. 2A, Model A (1909-1911), used by Bernice Palmer aboard RMS Carpathia
  •  
    No. 2 Folding Autographic Brownie (1915–1926)
  •  
    Beau Brownie camera (1930–1933)
  •  
    Hawkeye Brownie Flash Model (1950–1961)
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    Brownie Flash III (1957–1960)
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    A Kodak Brownie Target Six-20 camera with its original box
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    A Brownie Starflex camera with the cover for its finder window popped up.
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    A Kodak Six-16 Brownie Junior box camera
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    A Kodak Brownie Holiday Flash box camera
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    Young photographer using a Brownie 127
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    A photo shot by the OTMA sisters on 12 July 1912. Notice the Brownie no. 2 in Anastasia's hands.
  •  
    A panoramic photo shot with a Brownie no. 2 (perhaps with a wide-angle lens) by the Romanov family in Crimea (29 May 1916).

See also

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  • The Diana camera was a low-cost "toy" camera introduced in the 1960s.
  • Holga cameras were manufactured from 1982 to 2015 and 2017-present.

References

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  1. ^ List of Brownie models at George Eastman House Archived April 2, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ Harding, Colin (2013-12-16). "Camera Design 6: Kodak (1888–1900)". In Hannavy, John (ed.). Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203941782. ISBN 978-0-203-94178-2.
  3. ^ "The National Archives | Exhibitions | 1901 Census | Events". www.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved 2023-05-29.
  4. ^ a b c Lothrop, Eaton S. (January 1978). "The Brownie camera". History of Photography. 2 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1080/03087298.1978.10442948.
  5. ^ U.S. patent 725,034
  6. ^ a b c d Gustavson, Todd (2011). 500 Cameras 170 years of photographic innovation. Sterling Signature. ISBN 978-1-4027-8086-8.
  7. ^ "No.2A Brownie". The Brownie Camera Page. BCG Film & Photography. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
  8. ^ "Bernie Palmer's Story". Because of Her Story. Smithsonian. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
  9. ^ ""Shooting" The Great War: Kodak Cameras and the First World War · · Kodak Canada: The Early Years (1899-1939) Exhibition". Kodak Canada: The Early Years (1899–1939) Exhibition. 2019. Retrieved 2023-05-13.
  10. ^ "Romanov's photo albums". Flickr.
  11. ^ helenrappaport (2018-08-09). "OTMA – The Romanov Sisters". Helen Rappaport. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
  12. ^ a b "OBITUARY: Pat Stewart". The Times. May 20, 2017. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  13. ^ "Film Cameras: A Brief History, And Stellar Images Created With It | THE BROWNIE TARGET Six-20 (1946-1952)". Forbes India. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  14. ^ "Photography Masterclass : Bert Hardy". Galerie Prints. 13 November 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  15. ^ "Blackpool Railings Bert Hardy". Getty Images. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  16. ^ "The Story of Pat Stewart, the Blackpool Belle in the Polka Dot Dress, 1951". VINTAGE EVERYDAY. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  17. ^ "Brownie 127"
  18. ^ "Brownie Cresta". The Brownie Camera Page. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
  19. ^ "Brace Yerself– The Kodak Brownie Cresta II Review". Canny Cameras. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
  20. ^ "Brownie II (110 Cartridge) The Last Brownie Camera". The Brownie Camera Page. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
  21. ^ Gustavson, Todd (2009). Camera A history of photography from Daguerreotype to Digital. Sterling Signature. ISBN 978-1-4027-5656-6.
  22. ^ "No.2 Brownie". The Brownie Camera Page. Retrieved 9 May 2021.

Further reading

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