Buga is a creator god and omnipotent highest power in the mythology of the Tungusic peoples.
Etymology and Ethnography
editFor the Tungus the term buga (also buya, boya, boga) refers to the greatest, omnipotent, eternal being.[1] The same word also means either "sky", "universe", and may also refer to terms corresponding to "world" or "locality". The word is not taboo and is used in common speech.[1] According to Shirokogoroff the term is an old one, and was not introduced by Christian missionaries.[2]
For the eastern Tungus buga is a remote figure whom they have no description of, and nor do their shamans connect with it/him.[3][1] The buga forms an exception in that it is one spirit than cannot be mastered by a shaman.[4] Shirokogoroff states that all Tungus know how to pray/make sacrifices to buga and that activity is done without the intercession of shaman.[5]
Furthermore, bugady are a tribe's sacred places.[6] Equivalent names for a supreme deity are Es (Ket language), Nga (Enets language), and Turum or Torym (Khanty language).[3]
The Tungus term 'buga' is similar to the Mongolian term bogdo (holy), Old Persian language baga (god), and the Kassite language bugas (god).[7][8]
The Even language term for the highest deity (the creator) is/was Nalban Omgo Ogyn Buga, the proper name in the same language is Hovky-Sovky; in the Evenk language the god's name is Shavaky-Savaky. The "upper" and "lower" worlds in those people's shamanic worldview are also referred to as Dulyn Buga and Harpy Buga.[9]
Tungusic creation myth
editIn a Tungusic creation myth Buga creates both the earth (using fire to create it within a watery void), as well as creating man and woman from fire, earth, iron, and water.[10][11] In the myth he is opposed by Buninka, a devil figure, who becomes responsible for evil persons after death.[10]
References
edit- ^ a b c Shirokogoroff 1935, 39. Buga.
- ^ Shirokogoroff 193539. Buga, quote : "The inference which can be made from these facts is that the conception of «highest being» and the term for it buga (with modifications), are very old and they are accepted by the Tungus groups who are not at present under a very strong alien influence."
- ^ a b Bonnefoy 1993, p. 345.
- ^ Shirokogoroff 1935, 52. General Characteristics Of These Spirits.
- ^ Shirokogoroff 1935, 100. Hypothesis: Shamanism Stimulated By Buddhism.
- ^ Bonnefoy 1993, p. 349.
- ^ Stutley, Margeret (2003), Shamanism : An Introduction, p. 64
- ^ Shirokogoroff 1935, 40. Construction Of The World.
- ^ Alexaeyeva, Sardana A.; Alexeyev, Anatoliy A. (Winter 2000), "Shamanic Cosmology Among the Tungus People of Eastern Siberia, Russia", The Northern Review (22): 95–96
- ^ a b Y.Z. 1824, p. 595.
- ^ Holmberg 1964, p. 371.
Sources
edit- ТРАПЕЗНИКОВ (Trapeznikov), Александр (Alexander) (29 Sep 2006), ЭВЕНКИЙСКИЙ ТРИПТИХ [Evenk Triptych] (in Russian), archived from the original on October 5, 2006, citing the monograph Evenks of Galina Varlamova
- Holmberg, Uno (1964), MacCulloch, John Arnott; Moore, George Foot (eds.), The Mythology of All Races, vol. 4 Finno-Ugric, Siberian, Cooper Square Publishers, Inc., New York
- Y.Z. (June 1824), "Some Account of the Tungousians in general and the Transbaikal Tungousians in particular", Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register, 17 (102), Wm. H. Allen & Co: 593–602
- Bonnefoy, Yves (1993), Asian Mythologies, University of Chicago Press
- Широкогоров (Shirokogoroff), С.М. (S.M.) (2009–2018) [1935], "Psychomental Complex of the Tungus", www.shirokogorov.ru, vol. 2
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