Butautas (baptized Henryk; died on May 7, 1380, in Prague) was a son of Kęstutis, Grand Duke of Lithuania. He attempted to depose his uncle Algirdas and usurp power in Lithuania, but failed and was forced into exile. He joined the court of the Holy Roman Emperor and even inspired a poem about conversion to Christianity. Butautas is sometimes confused with his brother Vaidotas.[1]
Coup and escape to Teutonic Knights
editThe first written record about Butautas comes from Jan Długosz. The historian describes Lithuanian raids into Masuria in 1336 and mentions Butautas, son of Gediminas. Because of confused fathers, this information is not considered reliable.[2]
The first reliable data comes from summer of 1365. While Algirdas and Kęstutis were in Volhynia helping their brother Liubartas in the Galicia–Volhynia Wars, Butautas together with other nobles attempted a coup d'état.[3] However, the plans were discovered by Dirsūnas, deputy of Vilnius. Butautas was arrested, but his accomplice or brother Survila rescued him and killed Dirsūnas.[4] The coup failed and Butautas, Survila, and fifteen followers had to flee to the Teutonic Knights. Historian S. C. Rowell questioned whether the coup really happened as it is mentioned only in a late German source.[5]
In Königsberg, Butautas was baptized as Henryk in honor of the Commander of Insterburg on July 25, 1365.[4] Two Bishops, John of Warmia and Bartholomew of Sambia were summoned for the ceremony, also attended by English crusaders, including Earl of Warwick and Thomas Ufford.[5] In August, he led a Teutonic raid deep into Lithuania reaching as far as Vilnius and Vilkmergė.[3] During the 12-day raid Kernavė and Maišiagala were devastated.
Life at emperor's court
editSometime between August 1366 and April 1368, Butautas departed to Prague to join the court of Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor. Survila remained with the Knights. Charles gave Butautas lands and the noble title of duke (Herzog).[2] Butautas is mentioned as a witness to several treaties and companion of the emperor on several trips, including one to Italy to Pope Urban V.[4] He witnessed imperial charters issued in Modena, Lucca, Rome, Udine, Prague, Tangermünde, and Jerichow. This last charter listed Butautas as "King of Lithuania" together with imperial family and before papal legates and other Bohemian dukes.[5] At some point, the court was visited by German poet Schondoch who later composed a poem how an unnamed "Lithuanian king" was converted into Christianity.[2]
Charles died in 1378. Just two years later Butautas died in Prague and was buried in St. Thomas' Church. In 1413, his brother Vytautas the Great ordered Requiem Mass and gave the church a large carpet. Because of this activity sometimes 1413 is given as Butautas' date of death.[4]
Family
editIt is known that Butautas left one son, Vaidutis, in Lithuania. He also emigrated to the West in 1381 at the age of sixteen.[6] After his father's death he studied in Paris until 1387. In 1401, after his return to Poland, his cousin Jogaila, King of Poland, appointed him as the rector of the Jagiellonian University. He died in 1422.[6]
See also
edit- Gediminids
- House of Kęstutis – family tree of Butautas
References
edit- ^ Rowell, C. S. (1994). Lithuania Ascending: A Pagan Empire Within East-Central Europe, 1295-1345. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought: Fourth Series. Cambridge University Press. xxxiii. ISBN 978-0-521-45011-9.
- ^ a b c Sužiedėlis, Simas, ed. (1970–1978). "Butautas". Encyclopedia Lituanica. Vol. I. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. pp. 443–444. LCCN 74-114275.
- ^ a b Spečiūnas, Vytautas, ed. (2004). "Butautas". Lietuvos valdovai (XIII-XVIII a.): enciklopedinis žinynas (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. p. 77. ISBN 5-420-01535-8.
- ^ a b c d Šapoka, Adolfas (1936). "Butautas". In Vaclovas Biržiška (ed.). Lietuviškoji enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Vol. 4. Kaunas: Spaudos Fondas. pp. 1198–1200.
- ^ a b c Rowell, S. C. (June 1996). "Unexpected Contacts: Lithuanians at Western Courts, c. 1316–c. 1400". English Historical Review. 111 (442): 567–570. doi:10.1093/ehr/cxi.442.557. ISSN 0013-8266.
- ^ a b Sužiedėlis, Simas, ed. (1970–1978). "Vaidutis". Encyclopedia Lituanica. Vol. VI. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. p. 21. LCCN 74-114275.