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Kawasaki Heavy Industries C151

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The Kawasaki Heavy Industries (KHI) C151 is the first generation electric multiple unit (EMU) rolling stock in operation on the North–South and East–West lines of Singapore's Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system, manufactured by a consortium led by Kawasaki Heavy Industries (KHI) under Contract 151. They were first introduced in 1987 and are the oldest trains in operation on the network.

Kawasaki Heavy Industries (KHI) C151
A Kawasaki C151 train before refurbishment
A refurbished Kawasaki C151 train
Interior of a Kawasaki C151 before refurbishment
Interior of a refurbished Kawasaki C151
Stock typeElectric multiple unit
In service7 November 1987; 36 years ago (1987-11-07) – Present
ManufacturerKawasaki (with Nippon Sharyo, Tokyu Car Corporation, and Kinki Sharyo)[1]
Built atKobe, Japan[2]
Constructed1986 – 1989
Entered service7 November 1987; 36 years ago (1987-11-07)
RefurbishedHyundai Rotem (with Mitsui)[3]
2006 – 2008
Retired22 June 2020 – 2026
ScrappedJune 2020 – Current [4]
Number built396 Vehicles (66 Sets)
Number in service288 Vehicles (48 Sets)
Number preserved6 Vehicles
Number scrapped102 Vehicles
SuccessorAlstom Movia R151
Formation6 cars per trainset
DT–M1–M2+M2–M1–DT
Fleet numbers
  • 001/002 – 131/132 (regular six-car trains)
  • 301/302 (four-car money train)
Capacity1920 passengers
  • 372 seats (as built)
  • 208 seats (refurbishment)
OperatorsSMRT Trains (SMRT Corporation)
Depots
Lines served
Specifications
Car body constructionAluminium-alloy double-skinned construction[2]
Train length138.5 m (454 ft 4+3⁄4 in)
Car length
  • 23.65 m (77 ft 7 in) (DT)
  • 22.8 m (74 ft 10 in) (M)
Width3.2 m (10 ft 6 in)
Height3.69 m (12 ft 1+1⁄4 in)
Doors1,450 mm (57+1⁄16 in), 8 per car
Wheel diameter850–775 mm (33.5–30.5 in) (new–worn)[5]
Wheelbase2,500 mm (98 in)[5]
Maximum speed
  • 90 km/h (56 mph) (design)
  • 80 km/h (50 mph) (service)
Weight
  • 21.7 t (21.4 long tons; 23.9 short tons) (DT)
  • 38.3 t (37.7 long tons; 42.2 short tons) (M1)
  • 38.4 t (37.8 long tons; 42.3 short tons) (M2)
Axle load16 t (16 long tons; 18 short tons)[5]
Traction system
Traction motors
Power outputAs built: 2.32 MW (3,111 hp)
TransmissionWestinghouse-Natal (WN) Drive; gear ratio: 6.57 : 1 (92 / 14)
Acceleration1 m/s2 (2.2 mph/s)
Deceleration
  • 1 m/s2 (2.2 mph/s) (service)
  • 1.3 m/s2 (2.9 mph/s) (emergency)
Electric system(s)750 V DC third rail
Current collector(s)Collector shoe
UIC classification2′2′+Bo′Bo′+Bo′Bo′+Bo′Bo′+Bo′Bo′+2′2′
BogiesDuewag SF 2100[5][1][2]
Braking system(s)Westinghouse Brake & Signal electro-pneumatic, regenerative and rheostatic[2][8]
Safety system(s)
Coupling systemScharfenberg[1][2]
Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge

Sixty-six trainsets consisting of six cars each and a single money train set consisting of four cars were contracted in 1984. They were manufactured from 1986 to 1989 in two batches by a Japanese consortium consisting of the namesake Kawasaki, Nippon Sharyo, Tokyu Car Corp and Kinki Sharyo following a round of intense competitive bidding by international rolling stock manufacturers.

The trains underwent a two-year mid-life interior refurbishment programme by Hyundai Rotem. After the 2011 major train disruptions on 15 and 17 December 2011, further plans to upgrade its mechanical components to increase its reliability were made. The first trainset to receive this upgrade, which included a replacement traction system to PMSM, entered service in July 2015.

The R151 trains have been replacing all of the first-generation C151 trains since June 2023, with the latter to be entirely superseded by 2026.[12]

Operational history

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Tendering process

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With construction of the Mass Rapid Transit system underway in 1983, Contract 151 called for the procurement of rolling stock—150 cars in Phase I and an option for 246 cars in Phase II.[13] In what the Financial Times described as "a time when manufacturers were begging for orders" for the global rolling stock market,[14] competition for the contract was intense. At least eight companies from around the world submitted bids for what they had nicknamed the "Big One".[13] Bidders included Metro-Cammell with Singapore Automotive Engineering, Kawasaki with three Japanese manufacturers, MAN with AEG, Siemens and Brown, Boveri & Cie, Francorail with Alsthom-Alantique, SOFRETU and Singapore Shipbuilding and Engineering, ASEA with Sembawang Shipyard, and a Bombardier Transportation-led consortium with Hawker Siddeley Canada and Brown Boveri Canada.[15][16] Also during the bidding process, the Belgian BN-ACEC (makers of the light rail vehicle for Manila's system) and the Finnish Valmet and Strömberg also submitted bids for the trains.[17] The BN-ACEC also proposed a design for that train similar to the M1-M5 series of the Brussels Metro if they won the bid.

Competition for the contract was so fierce that it involved last-minute discounts, offers of free parts and allegations of sabotage.[1][13] Metro-Cammell, Kawasaki and ASEA were shortlisted for the final round.[15][18][19] Metro-Cammell based its design on the Hong Kong MTR M-Train EMU and proposed to use the GEC Traction camshaft resistance control propulsion system had they won the contract.[1] Metro-Cammell also delivered a concept mock-up and was originally the favourite to win the contract.[13] However, analysts became concerned that a measuring error involving the London Underground 1983 Stock during the evaluation period could jeopardise their bid.[20][21]

On 12 April 1984, the Japanese consortium of Kawasaki with Nippon Sharyo, Tokyu Car Corp., and Kinki Sharyo was awarded Contract 151 at a cost of S$581.5 million for the construction of 396 passenger cars.[1][22][23] Kawasaki won the contract; its bid — aided by favourable financing from Mitsui and extremely positive economic conditions in Japan — was 12% lower than those of other bidders, and the 50% lower energy usage of the Mitsubishi GTO-Chopper traction motors in comparison to the GEC Traction camshaft resistance control motors then used on the MTR M-Train EMU was also a major factor in said consortium being awarded the contract.[14][24] The award was the largest single contract awarded in the initial construction of the system.[14] Kawasaki also promised to supply $20.9m worth of complimentary spare parts after delivery.[25] The loss of Contract 151 was a massive financial blow to Metro-Cammell, who were forced to reduce their workforce by half later that year.[26]

Initial construction

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A mock-up was manufactured in Japan after Kawasaki won the contract.[27] It was shipped to Singapore and put on public display during the 1984 National Exhibition held in November 1984 at World Trade Centre.[27] The mock-up featured three choices of seating arrangements and colour schemes; members of the public were invited to give feedback on these options.[27] The finalised interior design of the C151 trains consisted of a fully longitudinal seating arrangement.[28] The bucket seats were made of plastic; glass partitions separated the seating areas from the passenger doors.[28] Strap lines for standing passengers were installed in the middle of every car.[28] The colour scheme of each adjacent car's interior is distinct to make car identification in cases of fault reporting easier for passengers.[28] Originally the colour scheme of the driving trailer cars was orange, that of the second and fifth motor cars was blue, and that of the two centre motor cars was green.[2] There were nine seats between two doors; this was reduced to seven after the first round of refurbishment.[28]

While the rolling stock and Mitsubishi Electric propulsion equipment were constructed in Japan, many parts were sourced from Europe. The trains were fitted with Stone Platt air-conditioning, Duewag bogies, Narita Mfg gangways and detrainment doors,[29] Scharfenberg couplers and Westinghouse brakes.[1][2][30] Mitsubishi Electric's propulsion equipment, also used on the Tokyo Metro 03 series and Tokyo Metro 05 series,[31] was estimated to consume 50% less electricity than Hong Kong's existing MTR M-Train EMU.[2] Its Automatic Train Control (ATC) signalling system was supplied by Westinghouse, capable of running at pre-programmed speeds and activated by the train driver.[32] While theoretically possible to design for a fully driverless operation using this signalling technology, MRT Corporation (MRTC, now SMRT Corporation) decided against this option.[32] The trainsets were assembled in Kobe, Japan, and then shipped to Singapore by Neptune Orient Lines.[25] The first trainset was delivered to MRTC on 8 July 1986 at Bishan Depot, officiated by Yeo Ning Hong.[2][33]

The C151 was also the basis for the Taipei Metro C301 built from 1992 to 1994 by the Kawasaki-led Union Rail Car Partnership for the Taipei Metro Tamsui-Xinyi Line.[34]

Between 1994 and 1996, original rail wheels of all 66 C151 trains were progressively replaced with German made rail wheels equipped with absorbers that dampens vibrations on the wheels in motion. The replacement were made at a cost of $5.4 million, and were part of the enhancement works in conjunction with the commencement of the Woodlands extension.[35]

First refurbishment

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A Kawasaki builder's plate, Hyundai Rotem refurbishment plate and a car number label in a C151 train
 
The practice of demarcating priority seats with a darker colour also inspired the Taipei Metro

On 3 September 2004, Hyundai Rotem, Mitsui, RM Transit Technology and dU LexBuild received an order to refurbish all 396 carriages, costing S$142.7 million in total.[3] The works included the refurbishment of interior fixtures, the addition of wheelchair spaces, the upgrading of onboard communications equipment, enhancement of the public announcement system, and general improvement of the cars' appearance.[36] SMRT Corporation said the reasons for refurbishment were wear and damage of important components over the past two decades and water leaks from the air-conditioning system on some trains.[36] The company chose this option instead of buying new rolling stock, which would have cost S$792 million.[36] The first refurbished train 005/006 began revenue service on 5 November 2006, and all remaining trainsets had been refurbished by January 2009 with the last set being 075/076.[36]

The refurbished trains use the new "Blackbird" livery scheme from the C751B, which was also later adopted in the C151A rolling stock. The interior fittings were replaced with white walls and new seats and installed further back to allow more standing space. The colour of seats in the driving trailer was changed from orange to red.[36] Seats of the refurbished cars were lengthened from 43 cm (16.9 in) to 48 cm (18.9 in). Four of seven seats per row were designated as priority seats and were differentiated using a darker colour;[37] the practice of distinguishing priority seats with a darker colour is also seen on Taipei Metro trains.

 
As the refurbished livery shows signs of wear and aging, parts of the original livery were exposed.

The Mitsubishi Electric propulsion system was retained, having performed better than expected.[36] The wheelchair space was made available on the end of two mid-train cars, nearest to the elevators in elevated stations. LED lights that blink to warn passengers of closing doors were introduced in the upper middle section of the door.[36] Additional loudspeakers and advertisement panels were also introduced. Hand grips were moved to the support bars of the seats on the ceiling and grabpoles were located near the doors and at both ends of each car. The air-conditioning system was modified to match the system used in the C751B cars, with air-conditioning vents and in-flow fans installed.[36]

In November 2008, SMRT Corporation and Land Transport Authority (LTA) announced that the last ten refurbished trainsets would have one-third of their seats replaced with metal rails to create extra standing space.[38][39] The move was justified on grounds of allowing more standing space on board during peak-hour services.[38][39] The reduction of seats per row from nine to seven after refurbishment was already unpopular among commuters;[40] the decision to further reduce seating capacity drew sharp criticism against the operator and LTA. As of December 2015, all 66 C151s from one-third of their seats have been replaced by metal bars to create extra standing space.[41][42][43][44]

Second refurbishment and replacement

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Following major train disruptions on 15 and 17 December 2011, the Committee of Inquiry (COI) found that despite the first refurbishment of the C151 rolling stock, "there does not appear to be any upgrade in terms of engineering components".[45] The COI was particularly critical of the inadequate and ageing emergency battery installed on the C151 and recommended the installation of a Train Integrated Management System (TIMS) found on the C751B and C151A trains.[45]

In response, SMRT announced it was replacing important engineering components on the oldest C151 and C651 trains.[46] This included changing the existing Mitsubishi Electric propulsion system for the newer Insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) and Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) propulsion system by Toshiba, technology currently used in the Tokyo Metro's 1000 series and 16000 series trains as well as the JR Kyushu 305 series and Hankyu 1000 series trains.[7] In July 2015, two trains were trialed with the new propulsion system on the Changi Airport Extension. The trial was successful and was ported to the C651 refurbishment from 2016 to 2018, while four other trains were rolled out with PMSM all the way till August 2017. The replacement of traction motors into Toshiba PMSM was terminated prematurely by SMRT Corporation in September 2018 due to the New Rail Financing Framework (NRFF).[citation needed] In tandem with the replacement of the signalling system on the East-West Line and North-South Line with the newer Thales SelTrac signalling system, new equipment are installed in the passenger compartment of the trailer cars.[11]

In January 2016, LTA had announced to replace all trains with the new R151 trains.[47][48] On 13 April 2017, LTA released a tender for contract R151, which will be the replacement train for all the oldest MRT trains.[49] On 25 July 2018, the contract R151 was awarded to Bombardier Transportation at a sum of $1.2 billion, inclusive of a long-term service support package for up to 30 years.[50] 106 R151 trains will subsequently replace all 66 C151 trains from 2022 onwards while the C151 trains are being decommissioned.[51]

Withdrawal and preservation

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The withdrawal of the C151 trains commenced on 22 June 2020 starting from trainset 045/046 and is projected to be completed by 2026.[12] Most train cars are sent for scrap locally at Toyotron Pte Ltd. However, LTA intends for some train cars to be preserved by several public and private organisations, such as in schools for educational and training purposes. In addition, some train cars may also be converted into recreational spaces while the rest of the train cars will be scrapped.[4] Currently, as of 24 July 2024, 17 of them are scrapped or preserved, 2 trains are laid-up and 47 trains remain in service.

These are the trains that are preserved:[additional citation(s) needed]

Trainset Car number(s) Notes Rules
003/004 3003, 1003, 2003 Preserved at SAFTI City Track 1 since November 2023. Strictly no unauthorised entry, photography and/or filming allowed. Deadly force may be used against trespassers. EMU 004 were sent for scrap in November 2023.  
095/096 3095, 1095 Repurposed for training purposes at Changi Exhibition Centre for filming of Mediacorp drama series Third Rail in March 2022. Both cars were suspected to be scrapped in late 2022 after filming was completed.
097/098 3097 Preserved at Nee Soon Camp for training exercise since February 2024. Strictly no unauthorised entry, photography and/or filming allowed. Deadly force may be used against trespassers.[52] EMU 098 were sent for scrap in late February 2024; cars 2097 and 1097 sent for scrap in early March 2024.  
301/302 3301, 3302 Preserved at SAFTI City open field since October 2006. Strictly no unauthorised entry, photography and/or filming allowed. Deadly force may be used against trespassers. Two cars - 1301 and 1302 were sent for scrap in January 2007.  

Operational details

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Money train

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Kawasaki built a four-car unit (EMU 301/302) to serve as a money train.[53][54] Since 2003, this train was decommissioned with the change to stored value cards, and in 2006, this train was withdrawn from revenue service and is preserved at SAFTI City, Singapore.

Passenger announcement and information systems

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The C151s originally had no visual passenger information systems; station announcements had to be made by the train operator.[55] An automatic audio announcement system using voice synthesizers was installed on each train by September 1994.[55] The first iteration of the door closing buzzer announcements, which replaced the initial door chimes, was fully introduced by April 1997.[56]

SMRT first attempted to install a passenger information system SMRTime on trains using LCD displays in 1999; these have since been removed.[57] In November 2006 the doors of three cars (carriage number 1006, 2006 and 3006) were installed with a dynamic, in-train system displaying station information for testing; these are similar to ones used by Hong Kong's MTR.[58] An initial prototype of STARIS based upon the existing Automatic Transit Info System was developed in-house; this was removed before the end of the year without entering service.[58]

Two years later, four units of vacuum fluorescent displays (VFD) were mounted on the ceiling and eight units of dynamic route maps were mounted above every door in each car of trainset 053/054 for a two-month trial.[58] This new SMRT Active Route Map Information System (STARiS) was then progressively introduced to all C151 trainsets, and subsequently to C651 and C751B trains for a cost of S$12 million—S$20,000 per car.[58][59] It became standard equipment on all new rolling stocks subsequently introduced on the North-South Line and East-West Line.

Livery and numbering

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Captain SMRT demonstrating the use of a refurbished C151's emergency detrainment ramp.

The cars had an aluminium-alloy double-skinned construction, and were delivered unpainted to save time.[28] A red adhesive strip ran through the length of the cars in the middle to match the operator's visual branding.[2][28] The unpainted cars had a shiny appearance upon delivery, but as dirt and grime accumulated it became a recurring problem for the operator and attracted several public complaints.[60] In response, MRT Corporation built a wash machine at Bishan Depot in an attempt to clean up the cars' exterior proper.[61] After refurbishment, the problem was solved by covering the cars' exterior entirely with giant stickers, creating a blackbird livery with red band-colour the middle and grey band-colour at the bottom that its similar to the newer generation C751B and C151A rolling stocks.[37]

The configuration of a C151 in revenue service is DT-M1-M2-M2-M1-DT.

Cars of C151
Car Type Driver Cab Motor Collector Shoe Car Length Wheelchair Space
mm ft in
DT ✓ ✗ ✓ 23,650 77 ft 7.1 in ✗
M1 ✗ ✓ ✓ 22,800 74 ft 9.6 in ✗
M2 ✗ ✓ ✓ 22,800 74 ft 9.6 in ✓

The car numbers of the trains range from x001 to x132, where x depends on the carriage type. Individual cars are assigned a 4-digit serial number which can be seen at both ends of the interior of the car. A complete six-car trainset consists of an identical twin set of one driving trailer (DT) and two motor cars (M1 & M2) permanently coupled together. For example, set 069/070 consists of carriages 3069, 1069, 2069, 2070, 1070 and 3070.

  • The first digit identifies the car number, where the first car has a 3, the second has a 1 & the third has a 2.
  • The second digit is always a 0 or 1, part of the identification numbers
  • The third digit and fourth digit are the train identification numbers. A full-length train of 6 cars has 2 different identification numbers. For example 001/002 (normal coupling) or 001/003 (cross-coupling). Trains are rarely cross-coupled now.

Operational incidents

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Major incidents

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Since its introduction, C151 rolling stock has been involved in five high-profile incidents:

  • Clementi rail accident: On 5 August 1993 two C151 trains collided at Clementi station because of a 50-litre (11 imp gal; 13 US gal) oil spillage on the track by a maintenance locomotive, resulting in 132 injuries.[62][63]
  • On 17 May 2010, Oliver Fricker trespassed and vandalised Car 1048 with graffiti at Changi Depot.[64][65] The graffiti was initially mistaken for an advertisement and was not spotted until the car was filmed and the video was uploaded to YouTube by a railway enthusiast.[66][67] Fricker was convicted and sentenced to seven months' imprisonment and caning.[67] The public perceived this incident to have serious security implications, as the depot was considered a sensitive installation.[65]
  • In a major MRT disruption on 15 December 2011, one C151 train (T139 in the COI[definition needed]) was stalled in the tunnel and its backup battery failed.[68] The passenger compartments in T139 experienced a blackout and loss of ventilation, leading to one passenger smashing a train door window to avoid suffocation.[68][69] The battery failure led to criticism by the COI on the condition of the aging emergency batteries installed on all C151 trains.[45] SMRT has since proposed an upgrading plan to address this issue.[46]
  • Pasir Ris rail accident: On 22 March 2016, 2 SMRT maintenance trainees were run over and killed by an oncoming C151 train (EMU 073/074) reportedly travelling at 60 km/h, 150 metres from Pasir Ris station, at approximately 11.10 am. The maintenance staff were a group of 15 personnel tasked to investigate a possible signalling system fault on the tracks near the Pasir Ris MRT Station. This incident led to a 2.5 hour train service disruption and at least 10,000 commuters were affected.[70]
  • Dover train derailment: On 25 September 2024, a major train disruption occurred when one C151 train (EMU 065/066) had its bogie on the third carriage separated from its running rail near Dover, causing extensive damage to track and equipment between Dover and Jurong East stations. This included 46 rail breaks over the 1.6km of track and three track switches. The train also tripped the power supply before stalling outside Ulu Pandan Depot, causing four other trains in service between Clementi and Buona Vista to stall as well.[71][72][73][74] There was no service between Jurong East and Buona Vista from 25 September 2024 to 30 September 2024 to allow repairs to be made, which made this one of the longest unplanned MRT disruptions in Singapore's history.[73][75] Train services resumed on 1 October 2024 with trains travelling at lower speeds than normal.

Other incidents

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  • On 25 May 2012, a C151 train's glass window panel was reported to had shattered on its own at Admiralty station. No casualties were reported.[76]
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The train is featured in tvN series Little Women.[77] It is also featured in Mediacorp series Third Rail, using 2 decommissioned cars of set 095/096 at Changi Exhibition Centre.[78]

Notes

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  1. ^ a b 025/026, 055/056, 065/066, 095/096, 109/110 and 131/132 only[7]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g Sherwell, Chris (12 April 1984). "Kawasaki wins major Singapore metro contract". Financial Times. Factiva. p. 1.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Dhaliwal, Ray (8 July 1986). "A milestone for the fast track". Straits Times. NewspaperSG (NLB). p. 7. Archived from the original on 7 January 2022. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
  3. ^ a b シンガポールにおける地下鉄電車改修案件の受注について (Press release) (in Japanese). Mitsui (Archived). 3 September 2004. Archived from the original on 13 November 2009. Retrieved 8 November 2008.
  4. ^ a b "Factsheet: LTA to Decommission First-Generation NSEWL Trains from June 2020". Land Transport Authority. 22 June 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  5. ^ a b c d "First Class Bogies" (PDF). Siemens. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2019.
  6. ^ "Mitsubishi Electric of Japan has won a contract worth over S$100m to provide the propulsion system for Singapore's Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) trains". Textline Multiple Source Collection. 9 June 1984.
  7. ^ a b Hoe, Pei Shan (5 July 2013). "Older MRT trains to get new motors from Japan". Straits Times. Archived from the original on 19 May 2015. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
  8. ^ Sherwell, Chris (15 June 1984). "World Trade News: UK group wins Singapore order for braking system". Financial Times. p. 5.
  9. ^ Woodland, Daniel (August 2004). "Optimisation of Automatic Train Protection Systemstion Systems" (PDF). p. Appendix C Page 32 to Page 33. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  10. ^ "THALES Urban Rail Signalling Singapore – North-South / East-West Lines" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
  11. ^ a b Fang, Joy (2 February 2012). "Coming: $600m upgrade for MRT system/New train measures a 'catch-up'". My Paper. pp. A2, A6. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
  12. ^ a b Chelvan, Vanessa Paige (15 October 2024). "First-generation trains have service life of 38 years, will be replaced by end-2026: Chee Hong Tat". The Straits Times. ISSN 0585-3923. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
  13. ^ a b c d Sherwell, Chris (25 January 1984). "The fight for Singapore's underground : Chris Sherwell in Singapore describes the battle for a major contract". Financial Times. Factiva. p. 10.
  14. ^ a b c Sherwell, Chris (16 April 1984). "Hard work by Japanese on bid rewarded with subway contract". Financial Times. p. IB7.
  15. ^ a b Duffy, Hazel (12 May 1983). "World Trade News: Singapore short-lists UK company for metro". Financial Times. Factiva. p. 4.
  16. ^ Sherwell, Chris (14 November 1983). "Financial Times Survey: Singapore — Speeding into the 1990s — The mass rapid transit project". Financial Times. Factiva. p. 8.
  17. ^ "Models go on show". The Straits Times. 11 January 1984. p. 10. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
  18. ^ "British, Japanese and Swedish manufacturers are apparently being considered as suppliers of the automatic trains for Singapore's Mass Rapid Transit Corporation". Financial Times. Factiva. 16 February 1984. p. 6.
  19. ^ "Three on MRT shortlist". The Straits Times. 10 April 1984. p. 44. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  20. ^ Duffy, Hazel (12 January 1984). "Train fault may hinder Singapore metro bid". Financial Times. Factiva. p. 5.
  21. ^ "New coaches built by Metro-Cammell for London Transport have been returned because they are 18mm too wide". Textline Multiple Source Collection. Factiva. 12 January 1984.
  22. ^ "Kawasaki clinches it on price". The Business Times. 12 April 1984. p. 1. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
  23. ^ シンガポール向け地下鉄電車を納入 (in Japanese). Kawasaki Heavy Industries (Archived). Archived from the original on 24 March 2010. Retrieved 8 November 2008.
  24. ^ Sherwell, Chris (12 April 1984). "How Japan finally clinched the deal: The Singapore Underground Contract". Financial Times. Factiva. p. 22.
  25. ^ a b Dhaliwal, Rav (12 April 1984). "Made-in-Japan MRT trains". Straits Times. NewspaperSG (NLB). p. 1.
  26. ^ Barling, Lorne (22 August 1984). "More Metro-Cammell jobs go as orders drop". Financial Times. Factiva. p. 2.
  27. ^ a b c Lee, Constance (11 October 1984). "Mock-up of MRT train to be shown at National Exhibition". Straits Times. NewspaperSG (NLB). p. 1.
  28. ^ a b c d e f g Mass Rapid Transit Corporation (MTRC) and Institution of Engineers Singapore (IES) (April 1987). Mass Rapid Transit System: Proceedings of the Singapore Mass Rapid Transit Conference. Singapore. pp. 411–424. ISBN 978-9971-84-636-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  29. ^ "成田の沿革". Narita Mfg, Ltd. Archived from the original on 28 September 2019. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
  30. ^ "Essentially Singaporean - # 2 The MRT". Straits Times. Factiva. 9 August 1992.
  31. ^ イイ音♪ 営団ゼロ“0”シリーズチョッパ音！【断流器音あり】 on YouTube
  32. ^ a b Dhaliwal, Rav (28 April 1987). "Getting to know the how it will work". Straits Times. p. 19. Archived from the original on 8 April 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
  33. ^ Tan, Sumiko (1996). Kim Seng : a reflection of Singapore's success. george Gascon. Singapore: Kim Seng Publication Committee. ISBN 981-00-8576-1. OCLC 226239890. Archived from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  34. ^ 蘇, 昭旭 (2009). 台灣鐵路火車百科：台鐵·高鐵·捷運 完整版. Taiwan: 人人出版. ISBN 9789867112989. 台北捷運首批C301型捷運列車，感覺非常像新加坡捷運SMRT，用於淡水線。
  35. ^ "Quieter rides on MRT when trains get new wheels - Replacement work starts next month". The Straits Times. 19 August 1994. Archived from the original on 3 April 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2018. COMMUTERS can look forward to quieter rides when the wheels of all MRT trains are replaced with less noisy ones from Germany. The replacement, which will start next month and which is expected to take two to three years, is also good news for residents living near MRT tracks. Some have complained about rising noise levels from the seven-year-old trains. The new wheels will be fitted on all 66 trains at a cost of $5.4 million, or twice the normal cost, said a Singapore MRT spokesman in response to a Straits Times query."; "SMRT maintenance manager Chan Weng Yew said that the quieter wheels, which are being delivered to the SMRT in phases, are fitted with special absorbers. They dampen vibrations on the wheel, which are a major source of train noise.
  36. ^ a b c d e f g h Rajan, T. (5 November 2006). "MRT trains get $145m overhaul". Straits Times.
  37. ^ a b Rajan, T. (5 November 2006). "Upgraded trains can take in 100 more commuters". Straits Times.
  38. ^ a b Popatlal, Asha (30 October 2008). "Train operating standards tightened; Boon Lay Extension to open in Feb". Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 22 February 2009.
  39. ^ a b Almenoar, Maria (12 November 2008). "Fewer seats on train". Straits Times.
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