Brotizolam[3] (marketed under brand name Lendormin) is a sedative-hypnotic[4] thienotriazolodiazepine[5] drug which is a benzodiazepine analog.[6] It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, hypnotic, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties, and is considered to be similar in effect to other short-acting hypnotic benzodiazepines such as triazolam or midazolam.[7] It is used in the short-term treatment of severe insomnia. Brotizolam is a highly potent and short-acting hypnotic, with a typical dose ranging from 0.125 to 0.25 milligrams, which is rapidly eliminated with an average half-life of 4.4 hours (range 3.6–7.9 hours).[8]
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| Trade names | Lendormin |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | International Drug Names |
| Routes of administration | Oral |
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| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | 48–95% |
| Metabolism | Hepatic |
| Elimination half-life | 4.4 hours (range, 2.6–6.9 h) |
| Excretion | Renal |
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| ECHA InfoCard | 100.055.404 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C15H10BrClN4S |
| Molar mass | 393.69 g·mol−1 |
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It was patented in 1974[9] and came into medical use in 1984.[10] Brotizolam is not approved for sale in the UK, United States or Canada. It is approved for sale in the Netherlands, Germany, Spain, Belgium, Luxembourg, Austria, Portugal, Israel, Italy, Taiwan and Japan.
Medical uses
editBrotizolam is prescribed for the short-term treatment, 2–4 weeks only of severe or debilitating insomnia. Insomnia can be described as a difficulty falling asleep, frequent awakening, early awakenings or a combination of each. Brotizolam is a short-acting benzodiazepine and is sometimes used in patients who have difficulty in maintaining sleep or getting to sleep. Hypnotics should only be used on a short-term basis or in those with chronic insomnia on an occasional basis.[11]
Brotizolam, in a dose of 0.25 mg can be used as a premedication prior to surgery, this dose was found to be comparable in efficacy to 2 mg flunitrazepam as a premedicant prior to surgery.[12]
Side effects
editCommon side effects of brotizolam are typical of hypnotic benzodiazepines and are related to CNS depression, and include somnolence, ataxia, headache, anterograde amnesia, dizziness, fatigue, impairment of motor functions, slurred speech, confusion, and clumsiness.
Less common side effects include hypotension, respiratory depression, hallucinations, nausea and vomiting, palpitations, and paradoxical reactions (i.e. aggression, anxiety, violent behavior, etc.).
Brotizolam can cause residual side effects the next day such as impaired cognitive and motor functions as well as drowsiness. Disruption of sleep patterns may also occur such as suppression of REM sleep. These side effects are more likely at higher doses (above 0.5–1 mg).[13]
In clinical trials brotizolam 0.125 to 0.5 mg improved sleep in insomniacs similarly to nitrazepam 2.5 and 5 mg, flunitrazepam 2 mg and triazolam 0.25 mg, whilst brotizolam 0.5 mg was shown to be superior to flurazepam 30 mg, but inferior to temazepam 30 mg in some studies. Brotizolam at dosages below 0.5 mg at night usually produced minimal morning drowsiness; no residual impairment of psychomotor performance occurs following dosages within the recommended range of 0.125 to 0.25 mg. No serious side effects have been reported to date and the most frequently observed adverse experiences are drowsiness, headache and dizziness. Mild rebound insomnia may occur in some patients when treatment is stopped.[8]
Contraindications and special caution
editThienodiazepines and benzodiazepines require special precaution if used in the elderly, during pregnancy, in children, alcohol or drug-dependent individuals and individuals with comorbid psychiatric disorders.[14]
Pharmacology
editBrotizolam has been shown in animal studies to be a very high potency thienodiazepine. The elimination half-life of brotizolam is 3–6 hours. It is absorbed rapidly after administration; after administration, it is metabolized into active metabolites, one of which is far less potent than brotizolam and the other is only present in very small amounts in the blood and thus the metabolites of brotizolam do not have significant pharmacological effect in humans.[6] Brotizolam induces impairment of motor function and has hypnotic properties.[15]
Brotizolam increases the slow wave light sleep (SWLS) in a dose-dependent manner whilst suppressing deep sleep stages. Less time is spent in stages 3 and 4, which are the deep sleep stages, when GABAergics such as brotizolam are used. Benzodiazepines and thienodiazepines are therefore not ideal hypnotics in the treatment of insomnia. The suppression of deep sleep stages by either may be especially problematic to the elderly as they naturally spend less time in the deep sleep stage.[16]
Abuse
editBrotizolam is a drug with a potential for abuse. Drug misuse is defined as taking the drug to achieve a 'high', or continuing to take the drug in the long term against medical advice.[17]
Abuse of brotizolam, although not widespread, was a problem in Hong Kong back in the late 1980s and 1990s. To control benzodiazepine abuse in Hong Kong, the Government's Pharmacy and Poisons Board reclassified benzodiazepines as Dangerous Drugs in October 1990. Apart from formal prescriptions, detailed records were then required for the supply and dispensing of these drugs. These regulations were applied initially only to brotizolam, triazolam and flunitrazepam as they were the major benzodiazepines of abuse. The impact of these regulatory changes on benzodiazepine use has been studied by analyzing the sales patterns of seven benzodiazepines between 1990 and 1993. In 1991, the sales of flunitrazepam and triazolam fell, but the sales of five unrestricted benzodiazepines increased.[18] Particular problems arose with the trafficking and abuse of nimetazepam and the abuse of temazepam within that same year in 1991. The regulations that were originally only applied to brotizolam, triazolam and flunitrazepam were now being extended to include all benzodiazepines by January 1992. A regulation requiring the use of proper prescriptions and detailed records for the supply and dispensing of benzodiazepines, appears to have curbed, at least partially, their abuse in Hong Kong. There are still some problems with temazepam, nimetazepam, triazolam, and brotizolam, but they are not major.
Commercial names
edit| Name | Countries |
|---|---|
| Bondormin, Brotizolam | Israel |
| Dormex | Chile |
| Lendorm | Austria, Denmark |
| Lendormin | South Africa, Belgium, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Portugal, Taiwan |
| Lendormine | Switzerland |
| Lindormin | Mexico |
| Noctilan | Chile |
| Sintonal | Spain |
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Anvisa (2023-03-31). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 2023-04-04). Archived from the original on 2023-08-03. Retrieved 2023-08-16.
- ^ "DEA Diversion Control Division" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-10-17. Retrieved 2015-12-10.
- ^ US 4094984 6-Phenyl-8-bromo-4H-s-triazolo-[3,4C]-thieno-[2,3E]-1,4-diazepines and salts thereof
- ^ Fink M, Irwin P (September 1981). "Pharmacoelectroencephalographic study of brotizolam, a novel hypnotic". Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 30 (3): 336–42. doi:10.1038/clpt.1981.169. PMID 7273596. S2CID 30788171.
- ^ Catabay A, Taniguchi M, Jinno K, Pesek JJ, Williamsen E (1 March 1998). "Separation of 1,4-Benzodiazepines and Analogues Using Cholesteryl-10-Undecenoate Bonded Phase in Microcolumn Liquid Chromatography". Journal of Chromatographic Science. 36 (3): 113. doi:10.1093/chromsci/36.3.111.
- ^ a b Jochemsen R, Wesselman JG, van Boxtel CJ, Hermans J, Breimer DD (1983). "Comparative pharmacokinetics of brotizolam and triazolam in healthy subjects". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 16 (Suppl 2): 291S–297S. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1983.tb02303.x. PMC 1428224. PMID 6140948.
- ^ Mandrioli R, Mercolini L, Raggi MA (October 2008). "Benzodiazepine metabolism: an analytical perspective". Current Drug Metabolism. 9 (8): 827–44. doi:10.2174/138920008786049258. PMID 18855614.
- ^ a b Langley MS, Clissold SP (February 1988). "Brotizolam. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic efficacy as an hypnotic". Drugs. 35 (2): 104–22. doi:10.2165/00003495-198835020-00002. PMID 3281819. S2CID 243228878.
- ^ US4094984 6-Phenyl-8-bromo-4H-s-triazolo-[3,4C]-thieno-[2,3E]-1,4-diazepines and salts thereof
- ^ Fischer J, Ganellin CR (2006). Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. p. 539. ISBN 9783527607495.
- ^ Rickels K (1986). "The clinical use of hypnotics: indications for use and the need for a variety of hypnotics". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum. 332: 132–41. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1986.tb08990.x. PMID 2883820. S2CID 46560074.
- ^ Nishiyama T, Yamashita K, Yokoyama T, Imoto A, Manabe M (2007). "Effects of quazepam as a preoperative night hypnotic: comparison with brotizolam". Journal of Anesthesia. 21 (1): 7–12. doi:10.1007/s00540-006-0445-2. PMID 17285406. S2CID 24584685.
- ^ Nicholson AN, Stone BM, Pascoe PA (July 1980). "Studies on sleep and performance with a triazolo-1, 4-thienodiazepine (brotizolam)". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 10 (1): 75–81. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1980.tb00504.x. PMC 1430017. PMID 7397057.
- ^ Authier N, Balayssac D, Sautereau M, Zangarelli A, Courty P, Somogyi AA, et al. (November 2009). "Benzodiazepine dependence: focus on withdrawal syndrome" [Benzodiazepine dependence: Focus on withdrawal syndrome]. Annales Pharmaceutiques Françaises (in French). 67 (6): 408–13. doi:10.1016/j.pharma.2009.07.001. PMID 19900604.
- ^ Yasui M, Kato A, Kanemasa T, Murata S, Nishitomi K, Koike K, et al. (June 2005). "[Pharmacological profiles of benzodiazepinergic hypnotics and correlations with receptor subtypes]". Nihon Shinkei Seishin Yakurigaku Zasshi = Japanese Journal of Psychopharmacology. 25 (3): 143–51. PMID 16045197.
- ^ Noguchi H, Kitazumi K, Mori M, Shiba T (March 2004). "Electroencephalographic properties of zaleplon, a non-benzodiazepine sedative/hypnotic, in rats". Journal of Pharmacological Sciences. 94 (3): 246–51. doi:10.1254/jphs.94.246. PMID 15037809.
- ^ Griffiths RR, Johnson MW (2005). "Relative abuse liability of hypnotic drugs: a conceptual framework and algorithm for differentiating among compounds". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 66 (Suppl 9): 31–41. PMID 16336040.
- ^ Lee KK, Chan TY, Chan AW, Lau GS, Critchley JA (1995). "Use and abuse of benzodiazepines in Hong Kong 1990-1993--the impact of regulatory changes". Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 33 (6): 597–602. doi:10.3109/15563659509010615. PMID 8523479.
Further reading
edit- Greenblatt DJ, Locniskar A, Shader RI (1983). "Pilot pharmacokinetic study of brotizolam, a thienodiazepine hypnotic, using electron-capture gas-liquid chromatography". Sleep. 6 (1): 72–6. doi:10.1093/sleep/6.1.72. PMID 6844800.
- Langley MS, Clissold SP (February 1988). "Brotizolam. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic efficacy as an hypnotic". Drugs. 35 (2): 104–22. doi:10.2165/00003495-198835020-00002. PMID 3281819. S2CID 243228878.
- Bechtel WD (1983). "Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of brotizolam in humans". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 16 (Suppl 2): 279S–283S. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1983.tb02301.x. PMC 1428235. PMID 6661373.
- Jochemsen R, Wesselman JG, Hermans J, van Boxtel CJ, Breimer DD (1983). "Pharmacokinetics of brotizolam in healthy subjects following intravenous and oral administration". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 16 (Suppl 2): 285S–290S. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1983.tb02302.x. PMC 1428208. PMID 6661374.