In 1995, the Ocean Time Series Program called CARIACO (Carbon Retention in a Colored Ocean) was initiated, completing 232 monthly core cruises through January 2017.[1] This time series consists of field observations using ship, mooring, and satellite platforms in the eastern Cariaco Basin at 10°30’N, 64°40’W. The program seeks to understand the relationship between surface primary production, physical forcing variables like the wind, and the settling flux of particles in this unique location.
Ship observations
Monthly oceanographic cruises are conducted on board the R/V Hermano Ginés of the Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales de Venezuela. The cruises serve to collect hydrographic, nutrient and carbon concentration, primary productivity and other biogeochemical observations throughout the entire water column (surface to 1300m) (Astor et al., 2003; Astor et al., 2005; Muller-Karger et al., 2001; Muller-Karger et al., 2009). Additionally, seasonal cruises to the CARIACO station are conducted to examine chemical and microbial processes (Scranton et al., 2006; Taylor et al., 2006).
Moorings
A sediment trap mooring, consisting of five sediment traps (located at depths of 150, 275, 400, 800, and 1200 m), is also deployed near the study site. This mooring collects the downward flux of particulate material (Thunell et al. 2000; Thunell et al., 2007), derived both from the primary production at the surface and the terrestrial material from the mainland.
Satellite observations
The remote sensing component of the CARIACO Oceanographic Time Series Program is based on real-time and historical satellite measurements (Muller-Karger et al., 2005). The satellite data helps observe surface variations in sea surface temperature (SST) and ocean color, which include chlorophyll and river plumes.
Since it was initiated, this program has been supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF). It has also been supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Fondo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnologicas (FONACIT, Venezuela).
All data generated by the CARIACO program are available via the project web page ([1]).
References
edit- ^ Muller-Karger, Frank E.; Astor, Yrene M.; Benitez-Nelson, Claudia R.; Buck, Kristen N.; Fanning, Kent A.; Lorenzoni, Laura; Montes, Enrique; Rueda-Roa, Digna T.; Scranton, Mary I.; Tappa, Eric; Taylor, Gordon T.; Thunell, Robert C.; Troccoli, Luis; Varela, Ramon (2019). "The Scientific Legacy of the CARIACO Ocean Time-Series Program". Annual Review of Marine Science. 11. Annual Reviews: 413–437. Bibcode:2019ARMS...11..413M. doi:10.1146/annurev-marine-010318-095150. PMID 29889611. S2CID 48353334.
- Astor, Y. M., M.I. Scranton, F. Muller-Karger, R. Bohrer, and J. García. 2005. Seasonal and interannual fCO2 variability in a tropical coastal upwelling system. Marine Chemistry. 97 (3-4): 245-261.
- Astor, Y., F. Muller-Karger, and M. I. Scranton. 2003. Seasonal and Interannual Variation in the Hydrography of the Cariaco Basin: Implications for Basin Ventilation. Continental Shelf Research. Vol. 23. No. 1. 125-144.
- Muller-Karger, F. E., C. Hu, S. Andréfouët, and R. Varela. 2005. The Color of the Coastal Ocean and applications in the solution of research and management problems. In: Remote Sensing of Coastal Aquatic Environments: Technologies, Techniques and Application, R.L. Miller, C.E. Del Castillo and B.A. McKee [Eds.], Springer, 101–127.
- Muller-Karger, F. E., R. Varela, R. Thunell, M. I. Scranton, G. Taylor, Y. Astor, C. R. Benitez-Nelson, L. Lorenzoni, E. Tappa, M. A. Goñi, D. Rueda and C. Hu. 2009. The CARIACO Oceanographic Time Series. In: K. K. Liu et al. [Eds]. Carbon and Nutrient Fluxes in Continental Margins, Global Change, Chapter 8.5. The IGBP Series, doi:10.1007/978-3-540-92735-2_8
- Muller-Karger, F. E., R. Varela, R. Thunell, M. Scranton, R. Bohrer, G. Taylor, J. Capelo, Y. Astor, E. Tappa, T. Y. Ho, and J. J. Walsh. 2001. Annual Cycle of Primary Production in the Cariaco Basin: Response to upwelling and implications for vertical export. Journal of Geophysical Research. 106:C3. 4527-4542.
- Scranton, M. I., M. McIntyre, G. T. Taylor, F. Muller-Karger, K. Fanning, and Y. Astor, 2006. Temporal Variability in the Nutrient Chemistry of the Cariaco Basin. In: Neretin L. N., (ed.), Past and Present Water Column Anoxia, NATO Sci Ser., Springer Publ., Netherlands, pp. 139-160.
- Taylor GT, Iabichella-Armas M, Varela R, Muller-Karger F, Lin X & Scranton MI., 2006. Microbial ecology of the Cariaco Basin's oxic/anoxic interface: the U.S.-Venezuelan CARIACO times series program. In: Neretin L. N., (ed.), Past and Present Water Column Anoxia, NATO Sci Ser., Springer Publ., Netherlands, p. 473-499.
- Thunell, R., C. Benitez-Nelson, R. Varela, Y. Astor and F. Müller-Karger. 2007. Particulate Organic Carbon Fluxes Along Upwelling-Dominated Continental Margins: Rates and Mechanisms. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 21, GB1022, doi:10.1029/2006GB002793.
- Thunell, R., R. Varela, M. Llano, J. Collister, F. Muller-Karger, and R. Bohrer. 2000. Organic carbon flux in an anoxic water column: sediment trap results from the Cariaco Basin. Limnology and Oceanography. 45. 300-308.