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Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)

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The Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist) (Nepali: नेपाल कम्युनिष्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी), romanized: nēpāl kamyuniṣṭ pārṭī (ēkīkṛt mārksavādī-lēninavādī); abbr. CPN (UML)) is a communist political party in Nepal. The party emerged as one of the major parties in Nepal after the end of the Panchayat era.

Communist Party of Nepal
(Unified Marxist–Leninist)
नेपाल कम्युनिष्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)
ChairmanKP Sharma Oli[1]
SecretaryGokarna Bista
Yogesh Bhattarai
Padma Kumari Aryal
Chhabilal Bishwakarma
Lekh Raj Bhatta
Raghubir Mahaseth
General SecretaryShankar Pokhrel
SpokespersonPradeep Kumar Gyawali
Senior Vice-chairmanIshwar Pokhrel
Vice-chairmanAstalaxmi Shakya
Surendra Pandey
Subas Chandra Nemwang
Bishnu Prasad Paudel
Yubraj Gyawali
Ram Bahadur Thapa
Deputy General SecretaryPradeep Kumar Gyawali
Bishnu Rimal
Prithvi Subba Gurung
FounderMan Mohan Adhikari
Madan Bhandari
Founded6 January 1991; 33 years ago (1991-01-06)
Merger of
HeadquartersThapathali, Kathmandu
NewspaperNawayug
Student wingANNFSU
Youth wingNational Youth Association, Nepal
Women's wingAll Nepal Women's Association
Labour wingGEFONT
Membership855,000 (2021)
IdeologyCommunism
Marxism–Leninism
People's Multiparty Democracy
Political positionLeft-wing[2][3] to far-left[4]
International affiliationIMCWP
ECN StatusNational Party
(2nd largest)
House of Representatives
79 / 275
[a]
National Assembly
11 / 59
Provincial Assemblies
163 / 550
Mayors/Chairs
206 / 753
Councillors
11,890 / 35,011
Election symbol
Party flag

Website
www.cpnuml.org

Khadga Prasad Oli has been serving as party chairman since the party's ninth general convention in 2014.[5] The party currently holds 79 seats in the House of Representatives, having won 26.95% of the party list votes in the 2022 general election and is the second largest parliamentary group.[6] The party was the major coalition partner in the current CPN (Maoist Centre) led coalition government[7] until withdrawing its support on 27 February. There have been four prime ministers from the party while the party has led the government five times.

CPN (UML) was the main opposition after the first election following the restoration of multi-party democracy. The party led a minority government under Manmohan Adhikari following the 1994 election. The party joined a coalition government with CPN (Maoist) in 2008 in the first elections after the end of the monarchy in Nepal and led two governments under Madhav Kumar Nepal and Jhala Nath Khanal during the term of the 1st Constituent Assembly. The party also led the first government after the promulgation of the new constitution with KP Sharma Oli serving as prime minister. Oli again served as prime minister following the 2017 election.

The party was formed in January 1991 after the merger of the Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist) and the Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist). The party merged with CPN (Maoist Centre) to form the Nepal Communist Party on 17 May 2018 but the new party was dissolved and CPN (UML) was revived by a Supreme Court decision on 8 March 2021.[8][9] The party claimed to have 855,000 members as of December 2021 making them the largest party in Nepal by membership.[10][11]

History

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The predecessors of the CPN (UML) were the CPN (Marxist) led by former general secretary the Communist Party of Nepal, Man Mohan Adhikari and CPN (Marxist–Leninist) led by Madan Bhandari. CPN (Marxist) was the successor to CPN (Pushpa Lal) which was founded by the founding general secretary of the Communist Party of Nepal, Pushpa Lal Shrestha.[12] CPN (Marxist–Leninist) had its origins in the 1969 Jhapa rebellion. The conflict took its inspiration the Naxalite movement in India and began after land reform programs were introduced by King Mahendra in 1964.[13][14]

 
Man Mohan Adhikari, first party chairman and first UML prime minister (1994–1995).

The two parties were constituents of the United Left Front which was formed in 1990 to protest against the Panchayat system. The front along with Nepali Congress helped restore multi party democracy in the country after the 1990 revolution. On 6 January 1991, ahead of the 1991 general election, the first parliamentary elections in the country in three decades, the two parties merged to form the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist) with Adhikari serving as the party's first chairman.[15][16]

Post-Jana Andolan (1991–2002)

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In the 1991 election, the party won 69 out of 205 seats in the House of Representatives and was the second largest parliamentary group.[16] Man Mohan Adhikari was elected as the parliamentary party leader and became the Leader of the Opposition. The fifth party congress was held in Kathmandu in January 1993 and People's Multiparty Democracy was adopted as the party line.[17] The congress also elected Adhikari as the party chairman and Madan Bhandari as the general secretary.[18] Later in the year however, Bhandari along with Jibaraj Ashrit died in a vehicle accident in Chitwan and Madhav Kumar Nepal became general secretary.[15] In November 1993, veteran communist leader Tulsi Lal Amatya's group merged in the party.[18]

Following the 1994 election, the party became the largest parliamentary group winning 88 out of 205 seats and formed the first CPN (UML) government. Man Mohan Adhikari became prime minister and formed a minority government with the support of Rastriya Prajatantra Party and Nepal Sadbhwana Party which lasted for nine months. Adhikari recommended dissolving the House of Representatives, and called for new elections after losing the support of his coalition partners, but the move was dismissed by the Supreme Court after a legal challenge by Nepali Congress.[19][20] In 1997 the party supported the minority government of Rastriya Prajatantra Party which lasted for seven months. Following disagreements about the Mahakali treaty, the party faced a split in March 1998. Bam Dev Gautam reconstituted the CPN (Marxist–Leninist) with 46 MPs from the party. In December 1998, the party supported the Nepali Congress–Nepal Sadbhawana Party government which was created to hold the 1999 election.[15][16][21]

 
Madhav Kumar Nepal, Prime Minister (2009–2011)

The Nepali Congress formed a majority government following the 1999 election and the CPN (UML) became the main opposition winning 70 seats. Following party chairman Adhikari's death in 1999, general secretary Madhav Kumar Nepal became the leader of the party. CPN (Burma) merged into the party on 28 June 2001 and CPN (Marxist–Leninist) reunified with the party on 15 February 2002.[22] A group led by Chandra Prakash Mainali opposed the unification and opted to reconstitute the party. The party held its seventh general convention in February 2003 in Janakpur. Nepal was reelected as the general secretary and the post of party chair which had remained vacant after the death of Adhikari was abolished.[15]

Jana Andolan II (2002–2007)

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The House of Representatives was dismissed by King Gyanendra on 22 May 2002 on the request of prime minister Sher Bahadur Deuba. After the Deuba government failed to hold elections and to control the Maoist insurgency he was dismissed by the king in October with the king assuming executive powers to the protest of political parties including CPN (UML).[23] In June 2003, general secretary Nepal was proposed as prime minister by the protesting parties but this was ignored by the king and Surya Bahdur Thapa was appointed instead.[24][25] After Thapa's resignation in May 2004, Deuba was reappointed as the prime minister. CPN (UML) also joined the cabinet with Bharat Mohan Adhikari serving as deputy prime minister.[26][27]

On 1 February 2005, King Gyanendra declared a national emergency, placed all leading politicians under house arrest and assumed chairmanship of a 10-member council of ministers.[28] CPN (UML) along with other parties in the dissolved lower house formed the Seven Party Alliance to end the king's direct rule, reinstate the dissolved House of Representatives and form an all-party government. The alliance also opened talks with the CPN (Maoist) to end their armed insurgency and join mainstream politics. On 22 November 2002, the alliance signed a 12-point agreement with the Maoists to end the insurgency, abolish the monarchy and restore democratic rule to the country.[29][30] Following the 2006 revolution on 24 April, King Gyanendra restored the House of Representatives and an all-party government was formed under the leadership of Girija Prasad Koirala.[15][31] Later that year on 21 November, the Comprehensive Peace Accord was signed between the Maoists and the Seven Party Alliance which ended the Civil War.[32]

 
Former logo of CPN (UML)

Constituent Assembly (2008–2017)

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Jhala Nath Khanal, Prime Minister (2011)

In the 2008 election, the party won 108 out of 575 seats to the Constituent Assembly. The party lost most of their leftist vote to the CPN (Maoist) and general secretary Madhav Kumar Nepal resigned following his defeat in both of his constituencies and was replaced by Jhala Nath Khanal. The party joined the coalition government with CPN (Maoist) following the election.[33] The party's eight general convention in February 2009 elected Khanal as the party chairman and Ishwor Pokhrel as general secretary.[34] Following the controversial sacking of Army Chief of Staff Rookmangud Katawal, CPN (UML) withdrew its support from the Maoist government.[35] In November 2009, Madhav Kumar Nepal, who was nominated to the Constituent Assembly, became prime minister with the support of Nepali Congress and Madheshi Jana Adhikar Forum, Nepal.[36] His government lasted for seven months before he resigned following a political deadlock amid failure to draft the new constitution.[37] Following seven months of political stalemate party chairman Jhalanath Khanal was elected as prime minister in February 2011 with support from the UCPN (Maoist).[38] He resigned six months later in August after failing to reach consensus on drafting the new constitution and completing the peace process following which the party supported the new UCPN (Maoist) government.[39][40] In November 2012 ahead of the new election, Ashok Kumar Rai broke away from the party along with other indigenous leaders and formed the Federal Socialist Party claiming that the party failed to address their concerns during the discussions for promulgation of the constitution.[41]

In the 2013 election, the party became the second largest party winning 175 out of 575 elected seats. The party joined the coalition government under the Nepali Congress following the election with Bamdev Gautam serving as deputy prime minister.[42] At the party's ninth general convention in July 2014, K.P. Sharma Oli became party chair after defeating Madhav Kumar Nepal, while Ishwar Pokhrel was reelected as general secretary.[43] After the new constitution was delivered by the coalition government, party chair K.P. Sharma Oli was elected as prime minister on 12 October 2015 with the support of UCPN (Maoist), Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal and other parties.[44] After the Maoists withdrew their support, Oli resigned in July 2016 ahead of a no-confidence vote.[45]

 
Former logo of the party

Left alliance and dissolution (2017–2021)

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In the 2017 local elections, 14,099 councilors, including 294 municipal mayors and rural chairs, were elected from the party to local governments. Candidates for the party were elected as mayors in major cities, including the two largest cities Kathmandu and Pokhara Lekhnath.[46][47] The party announced an alliance with the CPN (Maoist Centre) before the 2017 legislative and provincial elections.[48] The party won 121 seats, becoming the largest party in the House of Representatives,[49] and became the largest party in six of Nepal's seven provinces.[50] After the election, the party maintained its alliance with the CPN (Maoist Centre) and formed coalition governments in the centre and six of the seven provinces. The CPN (UML) led governments in Province 1, Province 3, Province 4 and Province 5.[51] In accordance with the agreement Sher Dhan Rai, Dormani Paudel, Prithivi Subba Gurung and Shankar Pokharel were appointed as chief ministers of their respective provinces.[52][53][54][55]

In the 6 February 2018 National Assembly election, the CPN (UML) won 27 of 56 contested seats and became the largest party in both houses.[56] Party chairman Oli was elected the party's parliamentary leader in the House of Representatives and was appointed prime minister on February 15.[57] Bidya Devi Bhandari was re-elected president on March 13.[58] After eight months of planning, the Unification Coordination Committee met to finalize plans for the merger of Nepal's biggest left-wing parties. On 17 May 2018, the party was dissolved and a new party, the Nepal Communist Party was formed from the CPN (UML) and the CPN (Maoist Centre).[59][60][8]

Revival (2021-present)

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KP Sharma Oli, Prime Minister (2015–2016 and 2018–2021)
See also: 2021 split in Nepal Communist Party and 2021 split in Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)

On 8 March 2021, the Supreme Court ruled that the name Nepal Communist Party belong to the minor party led by Rishiram Kattel and the merger of the two parties was voided.[61] The Election Commission on 9 March 2021 formally split the party and the CPN (UML) was revived.[9] Four members of the House of Representatives and one member of the National Assembly for CPN (Maoist Centre) also defected to CPN (UML) during the split but were dismissed as parliamentarians following their defection.[62] KP Sharma Oli lost a no-confidence motion on 9 May 2021 but was reappointed as prime minister four days later after the opposition failed to prove a majority.[63] Chief minister of Gandaki, Prithvi Subba Gurung resigned before a no-confidence motion and chief Minister of Lumbini, Shankar Pokharel also lost a no-confidence motion but were similarly reappointed after the opposition failed to prove their majority.[64][65][66][67]

A cabinet meeting chaired by prime minister and party chairman KP Sharma Oli recommended the president to dissolve the House of Representatives on 22 May 2021 after members of his party led by former prime ministers Madhav Kumar Nepal and Jhala Nath Khanal supported Nepali Congress leader Sher Bahadur Deuba as the next prime minister.[68] The Supreme Court reinstated the House of Representatives on 12 July 2021 and Oli resigned from his post the next day.[69][70] Twenty-two members of the CPN (UML) voted for Deuba during his confidence vote defying the party whip.[71] The party also lost its government in Gandaki and Lumbini with Gurung losing a no-confidence motion and Pokharel resigning.[72][73] Province 1 chief minister, Sher Dhan Rai and Bagmati chief minister Dormani Paudel were replaced in August of that year after losing support within their parliamentary party. They were replaced by Bhim Acharya and Asta Laxmi Shakya respectively who were elected by the parliamentary party.[74][75]

On 25 August 2021, former prime ministers Madhav Kumar Nepal and Jhala Nath Khanal split from the party along with 55 members of the Central Committee, 25 members of the House of Representatives and seven members of the National Assembly and formed the CPN (Unified Socialist).[76] Other leaders also broke away from the party with Hridayesh Tripathi forming the People's Progressive Party and former vice-chairman Bamdev Gautam forming the CPN (Unity National Campaign).[77][78][79] Following the split, the party lost its majority in Bagmati and Province 1 and Shakya and Acharya resigned following which the party was in opposition in all seven provinces.[80][81] The 10th National Convention of the party was held in Chitwan between 26 and 29 November 2021 with K.P. Sharma Oli being reelected as the party chair.[82][83]

In the 2022 local elections, 11,929 councillors were elected from the party including 206 mayors and rural chairs. The party lost their mayoral seats in Kathmandu and Pokhara and failed to win the mayoral elections in any of the six metropolitan cities in the country. The party formed electoral pacts with People's Socialist Party, Rastriya Prajatantra Party and other minor parties to contest the 2022 general and provincial elections. Former deputy prime minister and Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal chair Kamal Thapa also contested the election under the party's electoral symbol.[84][85][86] At the 2022 general election the party won 79 seats and became the second largest parliamentary party.[6] The party also emerged as the largest party in provincial assemblies in Province 1, Madhesh and Lumbini at the 2022 provincial elections.[87]

The party backed CPN (Maoist Centre) chairman Pushpa Kamal Dahal's bid to become prime minister and joined a coalition government under him on 26 December 2022 with Bishnu Prasad Paudel joined the cabinet as deputy prime minister but the coalition lasted for less than 2 months.[88] In March 2024, the party again supported CPN (Maoist Centre)'s coalition before withdrawing support for the government in July later that year.[89][90] Party chairman K.P. Sharma Oli was appointed as prime minister for the fourth time with the support of Nepali Congress on 15 July 2024.[91]

Ideology

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The guiding principle of the party is Marxism–Leninism and it supports a socialist economy but within the confines of a parliamentary system of governance.[92] The party had adopted the line of People's Multiparty Democracy which was proposed by Madan Bhandari at the party's 5th National Convention in 1993.[17] The party supports the establishment of a welfare system that guarantees social security and social justice to all citizens.[93]

 
People's Multiparty Democracy (जनताको बहुदलीय जनवाद)

Symbol

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Alternative flag of CPN (UML)

The election symbol of CPN (UML) is the sun which is also present in the party logo.[94] The hammer and sickle, a common symbol of communism, is also used in the party flag and logo. The party constitution determines that a golden hammer and sickle inside a red sun is the party's logo.[95]

Organisation

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Central organisation

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The National Convention is the supreme body of CPN (UML) and it is organized every five years by the party's Central Committee. The national convention elects the central secretariat and the central committee of the party. The convention also discusses and approves political documents, organisational proposals and amendments to the party constitution.[95]

The Central Committee of the party is the highest decision-making body within general conventions and is responsible to the national convention. The National Convention elects a Central Secretariat consisting of a chair, a senior vice-chair, six vice-chairs, one general secretary, three deputy general secretaries and seven secretaries. The Central Secretariat along with other elected members make up the 301-member Central Committee of the party. The chairs of the seven provincial committees of the party are also ex-officio members of the Central Committee. One-third of the committee is also required to be female. The Central Committee also elects a 99-member Politburo and a 45-member Standing Committee among its members.[95]

When the Central Committee is not in session the Politburo is the highest decision-making body, the Standing Committee follows the Politburo in hierarchy and the Central Secretariat follows the Standing Committee. The National Convention also elects a Central Disciplinary Commission, a Central Accounts Commission and a Central Electoral Commission. A Central Advisory Council can also be formed by the Central Committee if needed.[95]

Provincial and local organisation

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Party committees exist at the provincial, district, local, ward and neighborhood level. In addition to this the party has a separate special committee in the Kathmandu Valley which is in the same level as the provincial committees in the party. The provincial committee holds a provincial convention every four years and the rest of the committees hold a convention every three years except for neighborhood committees which hold a convention every two years. The convention elects the leadership and members of the committee which is the supreme decision-making body in between conventions. The party also has organisational committees for areas where the party does not have presence yet.[95]

Electoral performance

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Legislative elections

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See also: House of Representatives (Nepal) and Constituent Assembly of Nepal
Election Leader Constituency votes Party list votes Seats Position Resulting government
No. % % change No. % % change No. +/-
1991 Madan Bhandari 2,040,102 27.98
69 / 205
 2nd In opposition
1994 Man Mohan Adhikari 2,352,601 30.85   2.87
88 / 205
   19   1st Minority government
1999 Madhav Kumar Nepal 2,728,725 31.66   0.81
71 / 205
   17   2nd In opposition
2008 Madhav Kumar Nepal 2,229,064 21.63   10.03 2,183,370 20.33
108 / 601
   37   3rd Coalition government
2013 Jhala Nath Khanal 2,492,090 27.55   5.92 2,239,609 23.66   3.33
175 / 575
   67   2nd Coalition government
2017 Khadga Prasad Oli 3,082,277 30.68   3.13 3,173,494 33.25   9.59
121 / 275
   54   1st Coalition government
In opposition
2022 Khadga Prasad Oli 3,233,567 30.83   0.15 2,845,641 26.95   6.30
78 / 275
   43   2nd Coalition government
In opposition
Coalition government

Provincial Assembly

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Provincial Assembly Election Party list votes % Seats +/– Status
Koshi 2022 665,460 35.04 (#1)
40 / 93
   11 Leading coalition
Madhesh 351,768 16.86 (#2)
23 / 107
   2 In coalition
Bagmati 594,521 30.69 (#1)
27 / 110
   31 In opposition
Gandaki 349,628 35.47 (#1)
22 / 60
   5 In opposition
Lumbini 570,921 30.25 (#1)
29 / 87
   12 In opposition
Karnali 183,950 31.83 (#1)
10 / 53
   15 Leading coalition
Sudurpashchim 274,675 30.64 (#1)
10 / 53
   15 In opposition
Best historic result in provincial elections
Provincial Assembly Seats/Total Party list vote % Election Parliamentary Party leader
Koshi
51 / 93
 38.79 (#1) 2017 Sher Dhan Rai
Bhim Acharya
Madhesh
23 / 107
 16.86 (#2) 2022 Saroj Kumar Yadav
Bagmati
58 / 110
 35.81 (#1) 2017 Dormani Poudel
Astalaxmi Shakya
Gandaki
27 / 60
 39.04 (#1) 2017 Prithvi Subba Gurung
Lumbini
41 / 87
 33.10 (#1) 2017 Shankar Pokharel
Karnali
20 / 40
 34.35 (#1) 2017 Yam Lal Kandel
Sudurpashchim
25 / 53
 32.99 (#2) 2017 Prakash Bahadur Shah

Local election

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Election Leader(s) Council Head Council Deputy Councillors Position
# +/- # +/- # +/-
2017 KP Sharma Oli
294 / 753
331 / 753
14,097 / 35,038
 1st
2022 KP Sharma Oli
206 / 753
   90
240 / 753
   108
11,890 / 35,011
   2,207   2nd

Leadership

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Chairmen

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1st General Secretary of CPN (UML), Madan Bhandari

General secretaries

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Prime Ministers of Nepal

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No. Prime Minister Portrait Term in office Legislature Cabinet Constituency
Start End Tenure
1 Man Mohan Adhikari   30 November 1994 12 September 1995 286 days 3rd House of Representatives Adhikari, 1994 Kathmandu 3
2 Madhav Kumar Nepal   25 May 2009 6 February 2011 1 year, 257 days 1st Constituent Assembly Madhav Nepal, 2009 Nominated
3 Jhala Nath Khanal   6 February 2011 29 August 2011 204 days 1st Constituent Assembly Khanal, 2011 Ilam 1
4 Khadga Prasad Oli   12 October 2015 4 August 2016 297 days Legislature Parliament Oli, 2015 Jhapa 7
15 February 2018 13 May 2021 3 years, 148 days 1st Federal Parliament Oli, 2018 Jhapa 5
13 May 2021 13 July 2021 Oli, 2021
15 July 2024 Incumbent 131 days 2nd Federal Parliament Oli, 2024

Chief Ministers

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Koshi Province

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See also: Chief Minister of Koshi Province
No. Chief Minister Portrait Term in office Legislature Cabinet Constituency
Start End Tenure
1 Sher Dhan Rai
 
 14 February 2018 26 August 2021 3 years, 193 days 1st Provincial Assembly Rai, 2018 Bhojpur 1(B)
2 Bhim Acharya 26 August 2021 1 November 2021 67 days Acharya, 2021 Sunsari 1(B)
3 Hikmat Kumar Karki   9 January 2023 7 July 2023 179 days 2nd Provincial Assembly Karki I, 2023 Jhapa 5 (A)
8 September 2023 15 October 2023 37 days Karki II, 2023
9 May 2024 Incumbent 198 days Karki II, 2024

Bagmati Province

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No. Chief Minister Portrait Term in office Legislature Cabinet Constituency
Start End Tenure
1 Dormani Poudel
 
 11 February 2018 18 August 2021 3 years, 188 days 1st Provincial Assembly Poudel, 2018 Makwanpur 1(B)
2 Astalaxmi Shakya
 
 18 August 2021 27 October 2021 70 days Shakya, 2021 Kathmandu 8(B)

Gandaki Province

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No. Chief Minister Portrait Term in office Legislature Cabinet Constituency
Start End Tenure
1 Prithivi Subba Gurung
 
 16 February 2018 9 May 2021 3 years, 82 days 1st Provincial Assembly Gurung, 2018 Lamjung 1(B)
12 May 2021 12 June 2021 31 days
2 Khagaraj Adhikari
 
 9 January 2023 27 April 2023 108 days 2nd Provincial Assembly Adhikari, 2023 Kaski 1 (A)
7 April 2024 27 May 2024 50 days Adhikari, 2024

Lumbini Province

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No. Chief Minister Portrait Term in office Legislature Cabinet Constituency
Start End Tenure
1 Shankar Pokharel
 
 15 February 2018 2 May 2021 3 years, 76 days 1st Provincial Assembly Pokharel, 2018 Dang 2(A)
2 May 2021 11 August 2021 101 days
2 Leela Giri
 
 12 January 2023 27 April 2023 105 days 2nd Provincial Assembly Giri, 2023 Rupandehi 2 (A)

Karnali Province

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No. Chief Minister Portrait Term in office Legislature Cabinet Constituency
Start End Tenure
1 Yam Lal Kandel
 
 10 April 2024 Incumbent 227 days 2nd Provincial Assembly Kandel, 2024 Surkhet 2 (A)

Sudurpashchim Province

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No. Chief Minister Portrait Term in office Legislature Cabinet Constituency
Start End Tenure
1 Rajendra Singh Rawal 12 January 2023[96] 9 February 2023 28 days 2nd Provincial Assembly Rawal, 2023 List MP

Sister organizations

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Including 1 suspended member

References

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  6. ^ a b "Proportional representation votes counted, 7 parties become national parties - OnlineKhabar English News". 2022-12-07. Retrieved 2022-12-26.
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  11. ^ "एमालेमा एक लाख ६१ हजार नयाँ सदस्य". ekagaj. Retrieved 2023-10-14.
  12. ^ Parajulee, Ramjee P.. The Democratic Transition in Nepal. Rowman & Littlefield, 2000. p. 72
  13. ^ Rai, Dewan (2018-03-30). "Oli and the Jhapa Rebellion". The Record. Archived from the original on 2023-07-15. Retrieved 2021-02-25.
  14. ^ Chhetri, AG (21 May 2004). "Remembering Madan Bhandari". Nepali Times. Retrieved 2024-07-17.
  15. ^ a b c d e Lansford, Tom (2015-03-24). Political handbook of the world 2015. CQ Press. ISBN 9781483371580. OCLC 912321323.
  16. ^ a b c Verma, Anand Swaroop; Navlakha, Gautam (2007). "People's War in Nepal: Genesis and Development". Economic and Political Weekly. 42 (20): 1839–1843. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 4419604.
  17. ^ a b "कम्युनिस्ट आन्दोलनको समीक्षा". ekantipur.com (in Nepali). Retrieved 2020-12-29.
  18. ^ a b Sapkota, Dhakaram (December 2016). "Samakālīna nētāharusam̐ga manamōhana ādhikārīkō sambandha" समकालीन नेताहरुसँग मनमोहन आधिकारीको सम्बन्ध [Manmohan Adhikari's relationship with contemporary leaders]. Tribhuvan University Journal (in Nepali). XXX (2).
  19. ^ Whelpton, John, A History of Nepal, Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. 192-193.
  20. ^ "This dissolution and those dissolutions: Looking for parallels to Oli's move in history". Kathmandu Post. Retrieved 2024-07-17.
  21. ^ Maharjan, Pancha N. "Problems of Democracy in Nepal" (PDF). European Bulletin of Himalayan Research. 17 (2).
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