Wikipedia

Catenin alpha-1

(Redirected from CTNNA1 (gene))

αE-catenin, also known as Catenin alpha-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CTNNA1 gene.[5][6] αE-catenin is highly expressed in cardiac muscle and localizes to adherens junctions at intercalated disc structures where it functions to mediate the anchorage of actin filaments to the sarcolemma. αE-catenin also plays a role in tumor metastasis and skin cell function.

CTNNA1
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesCTNNA1, CAP102, Catenin, MDPT2, catenin alpha 1
External IDsOMIM: 116805; MGI: 88274; HomoloGene: 1433; GeneCards: CTNNA1; OMA:CTNNA1 - orthologs
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

1495

12385

Ensembl

ENSG00000044115

ENSMUSG00000037815

UniProt

P35221

P26231

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_009818

RefSeq (protein)

NP_033948

Location (UCSC)Chr 5: 138.61 – 138.94 MbChr 18: 35.25 – 35.39 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Structure

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Human αE-catenin protein is 100.0 kDa and 906 amino acids.[7] Catenins (α,β,and γ (also known as plakoglobin)) were originally identified in complex with E-cadherin, an epithelial cell adhesion protein. αE-catenin is highly expressed in cardiac muscle[8][9] and is homologous to the protein vinculin; however, aside from vinculin, αE-catenin has no homology to established actin-binding proteins. The N-terminus of αE-catenin binds β-catenin or γ-catenin/plakoglobin, and the C-terminus binds actin directly or indirectly via vinculin or α-actinin.[10]

Function

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Though αE-catenin exhibits substantial expression in cardiac muscle, αE-catenin is most well known for role in metastasizing tumor cells.[11] αE-catenin also plays a role in epithelial tissue, both at adherens junctions and in signaling pathways.[12]

In cardiomyocytes, αE-catenin is present in cell to cell regions known as adherens junctions which lie within intercalated discs; these junctions anchor the actin cytoskeleton to the sarcolemma and provide strong cell adhesion.[13]

Functional αE-catenin is required for normal embryonic development, as a mutation eliminating the C-terminal 1/3 of the protein resulting in a complete loss-of-function phenotype showed disruption of the trophoblast epithelium and arrested development at the blastocyst stage.[14]

αE-catenin specifically, not β- or γ-catenin, binds F-actin and organizes and tethers the filaments at regions of cell-cell contact. Studies show that full-length αE-catenin binds and bundles F-actin in a superior fashion relative to individual N-terminal or C-terminal domains.[15]

αE-catenin, along with β-catenin and plakoglobin form distinct complexes with N-cadherin that are involved in forming cell-cell contacts and differentiation of cardiomyocytes. Catenin-N-cadherin complexes are apparently necessary for and precede the first cell to cell contact, precursory to gap junction formation.[16] The anchorage of cadherin-catenin complexes to actin filaments by αE-catenin is regulated by tyrosine phosphorylation.[17]

Functional insights into αE-catenin function have come from studies employing transgenesis. Mice harboring a cardiac-specific deletion of αE-catenin exhibited abnormalities in cardiac dimensions and function, representative of dilated cardiomyopathy. This was further characterized by disorganization of intercalated disc structures and mitochondria, as well as compensatory increases in β-catenin and decreases in localization of cadherin and vinculin at intercalated discs. Knockout mice also exhibited high susceptibility to death following stress.[18]

Clinical significance

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Interactions

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αE-catenin has been shown to interact with:

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000044115 – Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000037815 – Ensembl, May 2017
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  4. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
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  6. ^ "Entrez Gene: CTNNA1 catenin (cadherin-associated protein), alpha 1, 102kDa".
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Further reading

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