The Caatinga puffbird (Nystalus maculatus) is a species of bird in the family Bucconidae, the puffbirds, nunlets, and nunbirds. It is endemic to Brazil.
| Caatinga puffbird | |
|---|---|
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| N. m. maculatus | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Piciformes |
| Family: | Bucconidae |
| Genus: | Nystalus |
| Species: | N. maculatus
|
| Binomial name | |
| Nystalus maculatus (Gmelin, JF, 1788)
| |
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| Synonyms | |
|
Alcedo maculata (protonym) | |
Taxonomy and systematics
editThe Caatinga puffbird was described in 1648 by the German naturalist Georg Marcgrave in his Historia Naturalis Brasiliae. In his Latin text Marcgrave used the name Matuitui which was the local name for the bird in the Tupi language.[2] A series of later ornithologists based their own descriptions on that by Marcgrave. These include Francis Willughby in 1678,[3] John Ray in 1713,[4] Mathurin Brisson in 1760,[5] the Comte de Buffon in 1780,[6] and John Latham in 1782.[7]
When the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin revised and expanded Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae in 1788 he included the caatinga puffbird and cited descriptions by earlier ornithologists. He placed it with the kingfishers in the genus Alcedo and coined the binomial name Alcedo maculata.[8][9] The specific epithet is Latin and means "spotted" or "blotched".[10] In 1807 the caatinga puffbird was accurately described and illustrated from a specimen in the Paris museum by the French naturalist François Levaillant.[11] The caatinga puffbird is now one of six species placed in the genus Nystalus that was introduced in 1863 by Jean Cabanis and Ferdinand Heine.[12]
The International Ornithological Committee (IOC) treats Nystalus maculatus as a monotypic species. However, the South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society (SACC), the Clements taxonomy, and BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World (HBW) all treat it as the nominate subspecies of spot-backed puffbird, N. m. maculatus.[12][13][14][15]
Description
editThe caatinga puffbird is 18 to 19 cm (7.1 to 7.5 in) long and weighs 32 to 38 g (1.1 to 1.3 oz). It has a dark brown crown with bold buffy spangles and a pale rufous collar on the hindneck. Its upperparts and wing coverts are dark brown with buffy spangles and bars. The long, narrow, tail has broad black and narrow buffy bars. The face is mostly off-white with dusky streaks that are darker to the rear; it has a buffy supercilium. The chin is white and the throat, upper breast, and sides of the neck are orange-red. The rest of the underparts are white with bold black spots on the upper breast and black streaks on the flanks. The bill is mostly red, the eye pale yellow, and the feet brownish olive.[16]
The song is an "[u]ndulating 'tewre-tewtewretewtewre'", often sung as a duet or by three birds.[16]
Distribution and habitat
editThe caatinga puffbird is found in northeastern and central Brazil, as far south as southwestern Mato Grosso. It is a bird of the lowland and foothill cerrado, caatinga, and campo regions. It inhabits a variety of semi-open landscapes including the interior and edges of deciduous woodland, savanna, palm groves, shrub- and scrublands, and pastures. It is thought to be resident year round, though there might be some seasonal wandering in parts of its range.[16]
Behavior
editFeeding
editThe caatinga puffbird hunts by sallying from a low perch to capture prey on the ground or foliage. Its diet is mostly insects including caterpillars.[16]
Breeding
editThe caatinga puffbird's breeding phenology has not been fully documented. It nests in a leaf-lined cavity in a soil bank or level ground. The clutch size is two or three eggs.[16]
Status
editThe IUCN follows HBW in treating the caatinga puffbird as a subspecies of spot-backed puffbird; the spot-backed is assessed as being of Least Concern. Taken as a whole, it has a very large range. Its population has not been quantified but is believed to be stable.[1] It appears to be common throughout its range.[16]
Gallery
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Caatinga puffbird nest opening -
Caatinga puffbird nest -
Caatinga puffbird
References
edit- ^ a b BirdLife International (2016). "Spot-backed Puffbird Nystalus maculatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
- ^ Marcgrave, Georg (1648). Historia Naturalis Brasiliae: Liber Quintus: Qui agit de Avibus (in Latin). Lugdun and Batavorum (London and Leiden): Franciscum Hackium and Elzevirium. p. 217.
- ^ Willughby, Francis (1678). Ray, John (ed.). The Ornithology of Francis Willughby of Middleton in the County of Warwick. London: John Martyn. p. 199; Plate 38.
- ^ Ray, John (1713). Synopsis methodica avium & piscium (in Latin). Vol. Avium. London: William Innys. p. 165, No. 3.
- ^ Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres, Sections, Genres, Especes & leurs Variétés (in French and Latin). Vol. 4. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. pp. 524–525. The absence of two stars (**) at the start of the section indicates that Brisson had not examined a specimen.
- ^ Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de (1780). "Le Matuitui". Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux (in French). Vol. 7. Paris: De l'Imprimerie Royale. pp. 212–213.
- ^ Latham, John (1782). A General Synopsis of Birds. Vol. 1, Part 2. London: Printed for Benj. White. p. 640, No. 28.
- ^ Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1788). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (13th ed.). Lipsiae [Leipzig]: Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 451.
- ^ Peters, James Lee, ed. (1948). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 6. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 14.
- ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 236. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
- ^ Levaillant, François (1807). "Supplément aux Differents Genres D'Oiseaux Décrit Dans Les Deaux Premiers Volumes". Histoire Naturelle des Promerops, et des Guêpiers : Faisant Suite à Celle des Oiseaux de Paradis. Paris: Chez Denné le Jeune. p. 44, Plate F.
- ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2023). "Jacamars, puffbirds, barbets, toucans, honeyguides". IOC World Bird List Version 13.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
- ^ Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 August 2021. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved August 24, 2021
- ^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, S. M. Billerman, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2021. The eBird/Clements checklist of Birds of the World: v2021. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ Retrieved August 25, 2021
- ^ HBW and BirdLife International (2020) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world Version 5. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v5_Dec20.zip [.xls zipped 1 MB] retrieved May 27, 2021
- ^ a b c d e f Rasmussen, P. C. and N. Collar (2020). Spot-backed Puffbird (Nystalus maculatus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.spbpuf1.01 retrieved November 2, 2021