The Cahuilla Band of Indians is a federally recognized tribe of Cahuilla people located in Southern California.[2] They were formerly the Cahuilla Band of Cahuilla Indians of the Cahuilla Reservation.[5]
 | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 154 (est.)[2] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| United States (California) | |
| Languages | |
| English, Cahuilla language[3] | |
| Religion | |
| Indigenous religion, Christianity (Roman Catholicism)[4] | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Cahuilla tribes |
The tribe originally came from Coachella Valley, through San Gorgonio Pass, to the San Jacinto Mountains. In 1875, they were relocated to present-day Anza, California.
Reservation
editThe Cahuilla Reservation (33°31′13″N 116°42′42″W / 33.52028°N 116.71167°W) is located in Riverside County near the town of Anza. The reservation includes Cahuilla, California,[6] where the Cahuilla Casino is located.[citation needed] The reservation is 18,884 acres (76.42 km2), with 16,884 acres (68.33 km2) owned by individual tribe members. Two thousand (8.1 km2) belong to the entire tribe in common.[2] The reservation was first established in 1875 by Executive Order.[4][7]
Government
editThe Cahuilla Band of Cahuilla Indians is headquartered in Anza, CA.[7] They are governed by a democratically elected tribal council with five members serving four-year staggered terms. Their current council is Erica Schenk (chairwoman, seated 2024), Edward Chacon (vice-chairman, seated 2022), Steven Leash Jr. (secretary, seated 2022), BobbyRay Esparza (council member, seated 2022), and Samantha Thornsberry (council member, seated 2024).[8]
Economic development
editThe tribe owns the Cahuilla Casino, which first opened in 1996,[9] and Mountain Sky Travel Center, a convenience store and gas station that opened in 2015.[10] Both are located in Cahuilla, CA,[citation needed] with addresses in nearby Anza.[11] Following a delay caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, the tribe opened a new casino and hotel in May 2020 in Anza, CA, thereby replacing the old casino.[12][13]
Notable tribal members
edit- Chief Meyers (1880–1971), professional baseball player
- Gerald Clarke (1967–), artist and professor
Culture and traditions
editThe Cahuilla tribe's origin story starts with two brothers, Mukat and Tamaoit, who help create the world. They created the skies, the sea, and the rules that governed the land, but each had a different idea in mind when creating the image of a human. Tamaoit took his creation of man and went to the underworld, while Mukat stayed above ground. However, some of Mukat's creations were burned, and they scattered to different parts of the globe, each speaking a different language. Only one man spoke the same language as Mukat, so Mukat named this man the first ancestor of the Cahuilla. During this time, Mukat also created a path to the afterlife, where the path was surrounded by moving hills. When people died, the good people could pass onto the afterlife; the bad people would be crushed by the moving hills and transformed into small creatures, such as insects.[14]
The Cahuilla Band's language is derived from the Uto-Aztecan language.[15] According to a 1990 census, only around 35 speakers of the original language remained at the time.[16] Now, the tribe's people pass down their language and culture through various songs, games, and stories.[17] One of these song traditions is bird singing, where multiple tribes gather to sing different songs.[18] Before, it was also used to help people find potential marriage partners, but now it is used to gather old friends and relatives.[citation needed] Another prominent tradition is basket weaving, where people gather to weave different baskets; here, the older generation passes down millennia-old traditions to the younger generation.[19][citation needed] Another prominent tradition is their funeral ceremony, where they bury their loved ones and sing songs all night. The funeral lasts seven days, and close relatives of the deceased are not allowed to participate in joyful traditions (such as dancing) for a year.[citation needed]
Bibliography
edit- Eargle, Jr., Dolan H. California Indian Country: The Land and the People. San Francisco: Tree Company Press, 1992. ISBN 0-937401-20-X.
- Pritzker, Barry M. A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0-19-513877-1.
References
edit- ^ Royse Parr. "American Indians in Major League Baseball: Now and Then". NewsBank. Society of American Baseball Research.
- ^ a b c California Indians and Their Reservations. Archived 2016-01-04 at the Wayback Machine San Diego State University Library and Information Access. 2010. Retrieved 1 Nov 2012.
- ^ Eargle, 111
- ^ a b Pritzker, 120
- ^ Indian Affairs Bureau (12 January 2023). "Indian Entities Recognized by and Eligible To Receive Services From the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs". Federal Register. 88: 2112–16. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
- ^ "Geographic Names Information System". edits.nationalmap.gov. Retrieved 2024-08-06.
- ^ a b "Cahuilla Band of Mission Indians – SCTCA". sctca.net. Retrieved 2024-08-06.
- ^ "Tribal Council – Cahuilla Band of Indians | Tribal Sovereign Nation". Retrieved 2024-08-06.
- ^ "Cahuilla Casino Update". 500nations.com. Retrieved 2024-08-06.
- ^ "Cahuilla Band's Mountain Sky Travel Center Open for Business". Indian Country Today. 2012-11-24. Archived from the original on December 2, 2015. Retrieved 2024-08-06.
- ^ ""Dining." Cahuilla Creek Casino. (retrieved 12 May 2010)
- ^ Groves, Alex (May 27, 2020). "Cahuilla Casino Hotel moves past coronavirus setback, gets ready to open". The Press-Enterprise. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
- ^ Johnson, Risa. "Expanded Cahuilla Casino Hotel near Anza, California, plans to reopen soon amid coronavirus pandemic". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2024-08-06.
- ^ Hooper, Lucille . "In the Beginning." Agua Caliente Cultural Museum, n.d. Web. <https://www.accmuseum.org/getdoc.cfm?id=4>.
- ^ "Cahuilla". California Language Archive. Retrieved 2024-08-06.
- ^ Broadwell, George Aaron (January 1995). "1990 Census Figures for Speakers of American Indian Languages". International Journal of American Linguistics. 61 (1): 147. doi:10.1086/466248. JSTOR 1265657 – via JSTOR.
- ^ Ulrich, Amanda. "Meet the tribal members 'awakening' the Cahuilla language across Southern California". The Desert Sun. Retrieved 2024-08-06.
- ^ Clarke, Emily (2022-07-11). "Each Song a Sentence: An Interview with Eli Andreas – News from Native California". Retrieved 2024-08-06.
- ^ Cahuilla Band of Indians. N.p., n.d. Web. <https://www.cahuilla.net/>.
Further reading
edit- James, Harry Clebourne (1968) [1960]. The Cahuilla Indians. Morongo Indian Reservation: Malki Museum Press (Westernlore Press). ASIN B0007HDH7E. LCCN 60010491. OCLC 254156323. LCC E99.K27 J3