Papeete (Tahitian: Papeʻete, pronounced [pa.pe.ʔe.te]; old name: Vaiʻete[4]) is the capital city of French Polynesia, an overseas collectivity of the French Republic in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Papeete is located on the island of Tahiti, in the administrative subdivision of the Windward Islands, of which Papeete is the administrative capital.[5] Both the President of French Polynesia and French High Commissioner reside in Papeete.[6]
Papeʻetē | |
|---|---|
     Top: Aerial view of Pape'etē; Middle: Cathedral of Notre Dame of Papeʻetē, Presidential palace; Bottom: Pape'etēTown Hall, Bougainville Park | |
 Location of the commune (in red) within the Windward Islands | |
Location of Papeʻetē  | |
| Coordinates: 17°32′06″S 149°34′11″W / 17.535°S 149.5696°W | |
| Country | France |
| Overseas collectivity | French Polynesia |
| Subdivision | Windward Islands |
| Government | |
| • Mayor (2020–2026) | Michel Buillard[1] |
Area 1[2] | 17.4 km2 (6.7 sq mi) |
| • Urban | 299.5 km2 (115.6 sq mi) |
| Population (2022)[3] | 26,654 |
| • Density | 1,500/km2 (4,000/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 124,274 |
| • Urban density | 410/km2 (1,100/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC−10:00 |
| INSEE/Postal code | 98735 /98714 |
| Elevation | 0–621 m (0–2,037 ft) |
| 1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |
It is the primary center of Tahitian and French Polynesian public and private governmental, commercial, industrial, and financial services, the hub of French Polynesian tourism and a commonly used port of call.[6] The Windward Islands are themselves part of the Society Islands. The name Papeʻetē,[Note 1] means "water from a basket"[7]— this was an effect of a naming taboo during Pōmare I's reign where the Tahitian contemporary word for water vai was substituted with pape,[8] the old name Vaiʻetē is still recognised in some areas such as the Marquesas.[4] The urban area of Papeʻetē had a total population of 124,724 inhabitants at the 2022 census, 26,654 of whom lived in the commune of Papeʻetē proper.[3]
Geography
edit.jpg)
The commune of Papeʻetē is subdivided into eleven quartiers (wards):[9][10][11]
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Climate
editPapeʻetē features a tropical monsoon climate (Am according to the Köppen climate classification) with a wet season and dry season, bordering a tropical rainforest climate, with high temperatures and humidity year round. However, precipitation is observed even during the city's dry season. The dry season is short, covering only the months of August and September. The rest of the year is wet, with the heaviest precipitation falling in the months of December and January. Sunshine is moderately high, as most precipitation comes as thunderstorms and cyclones, and does not last for long.
| Climate data for Papeʻetē (1981–2010 averages, extremes 1976−present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 36.0 (96.8) |
34.3 (93.7) |
35.3 (95.5) |
35.0 (95.0) |
34.5 (94.1) |
33.8 (92.8) |
33.0 (91.4) |
33.9 (93.0) |
33.9 (93.0) |
33.9 (93.0) |
34.0 (93.2) |
34.3 (93.7) |
36.0 (96.8) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 31.2 (88.2) |
31.4 (88.5) |
31.9 (89.4) |
31.8 (89.2) |
31.1 (88.0) |
30.3 (86.5) |
30.0 (86.0) |
30.0 (86.0) |
30.3 (86.5) |
30.5 (86.9) |
30.6 (87.1) |
30.4 (86.7) |
30.8 (87.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 27.1 (80.8) |
27.2 (81.0) |
27.6 (81.7) |
27.6 (81.7) |
26.8 (80.2) |
25.9 (78.6) |
25.6 (78.1) |
25.5 (77.9) |
25.9 (78.6) |
26.3 (79.3) |
26.6 (79.9) |
26.6 (79.9) |
26.6 (79.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 23.0 (73.4) |
23.1 (73.6) |
23.4 (74.1) |
23.3 (73.9) |
22.6 (72.7) |
21.6 (70.9) |
21.2 (70.2) |
21.1 (70.0) |
21.6 (70.9) |
22.1 (71.8) |
22.6 (72.7) |
22.9 (73.2) |
22.4 (72.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 19.2 (66.6) |
19.2 (66.6) |
20.4 (68.7) |
20.1 (68.2) |
19.5 (67.1) |
16.9 (62.4) |
16.0 (60.8) |
17.0 (62.6) |
17.0 (62.6) |
16.0 (60.8) |
19.0 (66.2) |
19.4 (66.9) |
16.0 (60.8) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 317.5 (12.50) |
277.7 (10.93) |
240.2 (9.46) |
143.1 (5.63) |
149.5 (5.89) |
80.8 (3.18) |
62.7 (2.47) |
66.4 (2.61) |
64.3 (2.53) |
120.9 (4.76) |
155.2 (6.11) |
396.8 (15.62) |
2,075.1 (81.70) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 14.6 | 13.4 | 11.3 | 9.2 | 8.5 | 6.0 | 5.7 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 7.8 | 9.9 | 15.3 | 112.1 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 215.5 | 199.2 | 226.0 | 230.3 | 228.6 | 220.0 | 235.2 | 251.1 | 241.6 | 232.1 | 208.7 | 196.6 | 2,684.9 |
| Source 1: Meteociel[12] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (sun 1961–1990)[13] | |||||||||||||
History of Papeʻetē
edit
In 1902, it became necessary to move the post office of Papeʻetē to another location. Instead of demolishing it and rebuilding it at the new site, it was lifted from the subsoil and moved as a whole on a Decauville railway.
Previously, during the construction of the Faʻaiere water tower with a capacity of 150,000 litres for the drinking water supply of the city of Papeʻetē, a difference in altitude of 37 metres (121 ft) was overcome with a light railway laid on a 220 metres (720 ft) long inclined plane. A winch driven by a 12-horsepower Fowler or Decauville locomobile carried three narrow gauge railway trucks at a time, consuming up to 200 kilograms (440 lb) of coal per day for about sixty journeys.[14] Paul Decauville mentioned in a letter to Governor Theodore Lacascade, dated 18 June 1891, an order for "15 kilometres (9.3 mi) of 600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in) portable rail tracks and about 12,000 francs of rolling stock, payable in three years," presumably for a tramway from Papeʻetē to Punaʻauia operated by hand or animals.[15][16]
At the outbreak of World War I Papeʻetē was shelled by German vessels, causing loss of life and significant damage.
The growth of the city was boosted by the decision to move the French nuclear weapon test range from Algeria, which had become independent, to the atolls of Moruroa and Fangataufa, some 1,500 km (930 mi) to the east of Tahiti. This was motivated, in particular, by the construction of the Faʻaʻā International Airport, the only international airport in French Polynesia, near Papeʻetē. In 1983, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints built the Papeʻetē Tahiti Temple here because of its large number of members in the region. On 5 September 1995 the government of Jacques Chirac conducted the first of a series of nuclear test detonations off the shores of Moruroa. A resulting riot in Papeʻetē lasted for two days and damaged the international airport, injured 40 people, and scared away tourism for some time.[17][18] Similar rioting had occurred after another French nuclear test in the same area in 1987.
Transportation
editThe streets of the town center are very busy, and traffic can be a problem since they are very narrow. The Tahiti freeway starts close to the town center as Pōmare Boulevard, named after the Tahitian Royal Family of the 19th century. By air, passengers depart from the Faʻaʻā International Airport. Domestic interisland service is operated by Air Tahiti with international flights being operated by Air Tahiti Nui, Air France, LATAM Chile, United and other airlines. By sea, passengers can use a marine ferry service for travel to Moorea or a Bora Bora cruise line service for travel to Bora Bora.
Demographics
editThe urban area of Papeʻetē had a total population of 124,724 inhabitants at the 2022 census, 26,654 of whom lived in the commune of Papeʻetē proper.[3] The urban area of Papeʻetē is made up of six communes. They are listed from northeast to southwest:
- Māhina
- Arue
- Pīra'e
- Papeʻetē (historically the most populous commune in the urban area, and still the administrative capital)
- Faʻaʻā (which became in 1988 the most populous commune in the urban area)
- Punaʻauia
Historical population
edit| 1956 | 1962 | 1971 | 1977 | 1983 | 1988 | 1996 | 2002 | 2007 | 2012 | 2017 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Papeʻetē (commune) | 18,089 | 19,903 | 25,342 | 22,967 | 23,496 | 23,555 | 25,553 | 26,222 | 26,017 | 25,769 | 26,926 |
| Papeʻetē (urban area) | 28,975 | 35,514 | 65,185 | 77,781 | 93,294 | 103,857 | 115,759 | 127,327 | 131,695 | 133,627 | 136,771 |
| Official figures from population censuses.[19][20][21][22][23] | |||||||||||
Average population growth of the Papeʻetē urban area:
- 1956–1962: +1,107 people per year (+3.5% per year)
- 1962–1971: +3,597 people per year (+7.6% per year)
- 1971–1977: +2,025 people per year (+2.9% per year)
- 1977–1983: +2,400 people per year (+2.9% per year)
- 1983–1988: +2,158 people per year (+2.2% per year)
- 1988–1996: +1,489 people per year (+1.4% per year)
- 1996–2002: +1,873 people per year (+1.6% per year)
- 2002–2007: +913 people per year (+0.7% per year)
- 2007–2012: +386 people per year (+0.3% per year)
- 2012–2017: +631 people per year (+0.5% per year)
Migrations
editThe places of birth of the 136,771 residents in the Papeʻetē urban area at the 2017 census were the following (2007 census in parentheses):[24][25]
- 72.5% were born in Tahiti (up from 68.4% at the 2007 census)
- 11.3% in Metropolitan France (down from 12.8% at the 2007 census)
- 6.2% in the Society Islands (other than Tahiti) (down from 6.8% at the 2007 census)
- 2.9% in the Tuamotu-Gambier (down from 3.6% at the 2007 census)
- 1.9% in the Marquesas Islands (down from 2.1% at the 2007 census)
- 1.6% in the Austral Islands (down from 2.0% at the 2007 census)
- 1.3% in the overseas departments and territories of France other than French Polynesia (0.9% in New Caledonia and Wallis and Futuna; 0.4% in the other overseas departments and collectivities) (down from 1.6% at the 2007 census)
- 0.6% in Southeast Asia and East Asia (down from 0.7% at the 2007 census)
- 0.4% in North Africa (most of them Pieds-Noirs) (down from 0.5% at the 2007 census)
- 1.3% in other foreign countries (down from 1.5% at the 2007 census)
Languages
editAt the 2017 census, 98.4% of the population in the urban area of Papeʻetē whose age was 15 years and older reported that they could speak French (up from 98.2% at the 2007 census). 96.7% reported that they could also read and write it (up from 96.5% at the 2007 census). Only 0.7% of the population whose age was 15 years and older had no knowledge of French (down from 1.2% at the 2007 census).[26][27]
At the same census, 83.9% of the population in the urban area of Papeʻetē whose age was 15 years and older reported that the language they spoke the most at home was French (up from 79.7% at the 2007 census). 13.5% reported that Tahitian was the language they spoke the most at home (down from 16.5% at the 2007 census). 1.2% reported another Polynesian language (down from 1.7% at the 2007 census), 0.9% reported a Chinese dialect (down from 1.6% at the 2007 census), half of whom speak Hakka, and 0.5% reported another language (same as in 2007).[26][27]
19.8% of the population in the urban area of Papeʻetē whose age was 15 years and older reported that they had no knowledge of any Polynesian language at the 2017 census (up from 19.5% at the 2007 census), whereas 80.2% reported that they had some form of knowledge of at least one Polynesian language (down from 80.5% at the 2007 census).[26][27]
Travel and tourism
editTravelling tourists arrive and depart Papeʻetē by private yacht or via cruise ship at Papeʻetē Harbor, or by air at Faʻaʻā International Airport, which was completed and opened in 1962.
Main sights
edit
- The waterfront esplanade.
- Bougainville Park (once named Albert Park, in honour of a former Belgian king and World War One hero), is now named for Louis Antoine de Bougainville, the first French explorer to circumnavigate the globe.
- Cathedral of Notre Dame of Papeʻetē.
- The Territorial Assembly is the heart of the Polynesian government and contains the Territorial Assembly building, the High Commissioner's residence and also a once popular clubhouse of Paul Gauguin. It was also once the site of the royal residence and palace of Queen Pōmare IV of Tahiti, who ruled from 1827 to 1877.
- Presidential palace.
- Pape'etē Market
- The Papeʻetē Tahiti Temple of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
- The Monument to Pouvanaʻa a Oopa (a decorated World War I hero, Tahitian nationalist, and deputy to Paris for the Tahitian Territorial Assembly).
- The Mairie (town hall).
In popular culture
edit- The film El pasajero clandestino deals with several persons trying to take control of the inheritance of a recently deceased English film magnate, who travel to Papeʻetē to look for the heir.
- Papeʻetē is mentioned in the songs "Southern Cross" by Crosby, Stills & Nash and "Somewhere Over China" by Jimmy Buffett.
- Papeʻetē is mentioned in Bruce Brown's surf film The Endless Summer as one of the surf sites visited by the two longboarders chasing the summer season around the world. The beach at Papeʻete is dubbed "Ins and outs" because the steep shore causes waves to break in both directions—toward the beach and out to sea.
- The first chapter of Robert A. Heinlein's 1984 novel Job: A Comedy of Justice is set in Pape'ete.
- Papeʻetē is where Robert Louis Stevenson's "The Ebb Tide" begins.
- Papeʻetē is a setting in Mutiny on the Bounty
- Pape'etē, a schooner built by Matthew Turner, who had extensive business interests in Tahiti, was known for a fast passage from San Francisco to Tahiti of 17 days.[28]
- Papeʻetē is mentioned in Paul Thomas Anderson's crime-drama film Inherent Vice as a possible destination (never reached) of Burke Stodger in a getaway on his boat after being blacklisted by Hollywood.
Economy
edit
Air Tahiti Nui has its head office in the Immeuble Dexter in Papeʻetē.[29]
Education
editThe Lycée Paul-Gauguin is located in the city.
Notable people
edit- Chantal Galenon, politician and women's rights activist
- Unutea Hirshon, politician and activist
- Andy Tupaia, musician[30]
Gallery
edit-
Présidence -
-
Paofai Temple
See also
editNotes
editExplanatory footnotes
edit- ^ Sometimes also spelled Papeete in languages other than Tahitian. The use of the ʻokina, which looks similar to an apostrophe, to represent the glottal stop, is promoted by the Académie Tahitienne and accepted by the territorial government (see http://www.farevanaa.pf/theme_detail.php?id=5). The ʻokina, however, is often omitted. Archived June 26, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
Citations
edit- ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022.
- ^ "R1- Population sans doubles comptes, des subdivisions, communes et communes associées de Polynésie française, de 1971 à 1996". ISPF. Archived from the original on 2012-11-14. Retrieved 2019-03-14.
- ^ a b c "Les résultats du recensement de la population 2022 de Polynésie française" [Results of the 2022 population census of French Polynesia] (PDF) (in French). Institut de la statistique de la Polynésie française. January 2023.
- ^ a b Personal communication with Michael Koch in Schütz, Albert J. (2020). Hawaiian language: past, present, and future: what every teacher and student of Hawaiian might like to know about the history and future of the language. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i. p. 5. ISBN 9780824869830.
- ^ Décret n° 2005-1611 du 20 décembre 2005 pris pour l'application du statut d'autonomie de la Polynésie française Archived 2019-03-27 at the Wayback Machine, Légifrance
- ^ a b Kay, p. 106
- ^ Kay, p. 102.
- ^ White, Ralph Gardner (1968). "Borrowing and Taboo in Eastern Polynesia". The Journal of the Polynesian Society. 77 (1): 64–5. ISSN 0032-4000.
- ^ Arue – 12A Arahiri/Rimapp Archived July 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Map of wards subdivision
- ^ List of wards subdivision
- ^ "Normales et records pour Papeete 2 (987)". Meteociel. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
- ^ "Papeete Sun Normals 1961-1990". NOAA. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
- ^ Aubrac: Le chemin de fer en Polynésie Française.
- ^ Aubrac: Déplacement du bureau de poste de Papeete à l'aide de wagonnets utilisant une voie étroite.
- ^ Matériaux locaux en Polynésie – Plusieurs chemins de fer à Papeete.
- ^ Shenon, Philip (8 October 1995). "Atomic Tests and Rioting Scare Off Tahiti Tourists". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
- ^ Shenon, Philip (7 September 1995). "Tahiti's Antinuclear Protests Turn Violent". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 26 May 2015. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
- ^ "Populations légales de Polynésie française en 2017". INSEE. Archived from the original on 2018-05-08. Retrieved 2018-02-08.
- ^ "Population des communes de Polynésie française". INSEE. Archived from the original on 2014-07-05. Retrieved 2013-10-13.
- ^ Jean Fages (1975). "Punaauia-Paea - contact ville-campagne et croissance urbaine de la côte ouest de Tahiti" (PDF). ORSTOM. p. 21. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-10-19. Retrieved 2013-10-13.
- ^ "Population statistique des communes et communes associées aux recensements de 1971 à 2002". ISPF. Archived from the original on 2012-12-18. Retrieved 2013-10-13.
- ^ "Population des communes de Polynésie française au RP 2007". INSEE. Archived from the original on 2014-07-05. Retrieved 2013-10-13.
- ^ Institut Statistique de Polynésie Française (ISPF). "Recensement 2017 – Données détaillées - Migrations" (in French). Archived from the original on 2019-04-07. Retrieved 2019-04-07.
- ^ "Recensements de la population → 2007 → Données détaillées → Migrations". ISPF. Archived from the original on 2013-11-13. Retrieved 2013-10-14.
- ^ a b c Institut Statistique de Polynésie Française (ISPF). "Recensement 2017 – Données détaillées - Migrations" (in French). Archived from the original on 2019-07-11. Retrieved 2019-06-16.
- ^ a b c "Recensements de la population → 2007 → Données détaillées → Langues". ISPF. Archived from the original on 2013-11-13. Retrieved 2013-10-13.
- ^ Gibbs, Jim (1968). West Coast Windjammers in Story and Pictures. Seattle: Superior Publishing Co. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-517-17060-1.
- ^ ""Air Tahiti Nui Réservation vol à petit prix et promo". Archived from the original on 2012-11-14. Retrieved 2012-11-07.." Air Tahiti Nui. Retrieved on 7 November 2012. "Tahiti – Siège social Immeuble Dexter – Pont de L'Est – Papeete BP 1673 – 98713 Papeete – Tahiti."
- ^ "Andy Tupaia: sensibilité et création musicale". Tahiti Jukebox. Archived from the original on 26 August 2004.
General and cited references
edit- Kay, Robert F. (2001). Hidden Tahiti. Berkeley, California: Ulysses Press. ISBN 1-56975-222-2.
External links
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