Thomas Bourchier (cardinal)

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Thomas Bourchier (1404 – 30 March 1486)[1] was a medieval English cardinal, Archbishop of Canterbury, and Lord Chancellor of England.[2]


Thomas Bourchier
Cardinal, Archbishop of Canterbury
Primate of All England
Cardinal Thomas Bourchier
1909 stained glass depiction in Sevenoaks Church, Kent, of Thomas Bourchier, wearing a cardinal's galero (a broad-brimmed hat). His residence of Knole House, which he built, was situated opposite the church
ChurchCatholic Church
Appointed23 April 1454
Installed26 January 1455
Term ended30 March 1486
PredecessorJohn Kemp
SuccessorJohn Morton
Orders
Ordination1433
Consecration15 May 1435
by Henry Beaufort
Created cardinal18 September 1467
by Paul II
RankCardinal priest
Personal details
Born1404
Died30 March 1486
Knole House
BuriedCanterbury Cathedral
NationalityEnglish
EducationUniversity of Oxford
SignatureThomas Bourchier's signature
Coat of armsThomas Bourchier's coat of arms

Origins

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Bourchier was a younger son of William Bourchier, 1st Count of Eu (died 1420) by his wife Anne of Gloucester, a daughter of Thomas of Woodstock (1355–1397), youngest son of King Edward III. One of his brothers was Henry Bourchier, 1st Earl of Essex (died 1483), and his great-nephew was John Bourchier, 2nd Baron Berners, the translator of Froissart.[3] Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham was his half-brother.

He was educated at the University of Oxford, after which he entered the church and obtained rapid promotion.[3]

Career

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After holding some minor appointments he was consecrated Bishop of Worcester on 15 May 1434.[4] In the same year of 1434 he was Chancellor of the University of Oxford, and in 1443 was appointed Bishop of Ely.[5] In April 1454 he was made Archbishop of Canterbury,[6] and became Lord Chancellor of England in March 1455.[7]

 
Tomb of Thomas Bourchier in Canterbury Cathedral

Bourchier's short term of office as chancellor coincided with the start of the Wars of the Roses, and at first he was not a strong partisan, although he lost his position as chancellor when Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York, was deprived of power in October 1456. In 1458 he helped to reconcile the contending parties as part of The Love Day, but when the war was renewed in 1459 he had become a decided Yorkist. He crowned Duke Richard's son Edward Plantagenet, 4th Duke of York as King Edward IV in June 1461, and four years later he crowned Edward's queen, Elizabeth Woodville.[3]

In 1457 Bourchier took the chief part in the trial for heresy of Reginald Pecock, Bishop of Chichester. In 1473 he was created a cardinal, not after some delay as this honour had been sought for him by King Edward IV in 1465. In 1475 he was one of the four arbitrators appointed to arrange the details of the Treaty of Picquigny between England and France. After the death of King Edward IV in 1483 Bourchier persuaded the queen to allow her younger son, Richard of Shrewsbury, 1st Duke of York, to join his elder brother King Edward V in (supposedly protective) residence in the Tower of London. Although Bourchier had sworn, before his father's death, to be faithful to King Edward V, he nevertheless crowned King Richard III in July 1483.[3]

The third English king crowned by Bourchier was King Henry VII (1485–1509), whom he also married to Elizabeth of York in January 1486.[3]

 
Knole House, Kent

Death and burial

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Bourchier died on 30 March 1486[6] at the palatial residence he had transformed, Knole House, near Sevenoaks in Kent, and was buried in Canterbury Cathedral, where his monument can be found.

Citations

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  1. ^ Clark, Linda (2004). "Bourchier, Thomas (c. 1411–1486)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online) (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/2993. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  2. ^ Miranda, Salvador. "BOURCHIER, Thomas (c. 1412-1486)". The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. Florida International University. OCLC 53276621.
  3. ^ a b c d e Chisholm 1911.
  4. ^ Fryde et al. 1996, p. 280.
  5. ^ Fryde et al. 1996, p. 245.
  6. ^ a b Fryde et al. 1996, p. 234.
  7. ^ Fryde et al. 1996, p. 87.

References

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Academic offices
Preceded by Chancellor of the University of Oxford
1433–1437
Succeeded by
Political offices
Preceded by Lord Chancellor
1455–1456
Succeeded by
Catholic Church titles
Preceded by Bishop of Worcester
1434–1443
Succeeded by
Preceded by Bishop of Ely
1443–1454
Succeeded by
Preceded by Archbishop of Canterbury
1454–1486
Succeeded by
Preceded by Cardinal priest of San Ciriaco alle Terme Diocleziane
1467–1486
Succeeded by